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The authors also discuss the chosen park complexes describing their history, composition and vegetation. Due to the prevailing heat here, an important role in the gardens of the area plays water in: canals, fountains and cascades. Pergolas and trees designed in the parks, give shadow. In the parks there grow colorful and fragrant plants such as cypresses, orange trees, pomegranates, oleanders, myrtles, water lilies, wisteria and palm trees. Equipment and small architecture is varied in the choice of materials, textures and colors. Modern Islamic landscape architecture continues to derive from its heritage, while seeking some new forms.
The article presents results of research the perception of Geography by pupils of lower-secondary schools. Examinations were conducted by students of geography during teaching practice at schools in major cities of the Silesian Voivodeship. In the ranking of the importance of school subjects Geography is located in the center of the list, whereas in the category of „liked” mathematical-natural subjects it is the second after Biology. In the upper forms this school subject becomes more and more „indifferent”. The most liked contents by pupils of the lower secondary schools are as follows: the own region, the regional geography of world and astronomical issues. On the other hand the most difficult plots are connected with a geological history of the Earth and socio-economic issues of world. The decided majority of pupils thinks that the geographical knowledge is useful in the life, and the signs of her usefulness is the sense of direction and the ability of map reading. In the majority of schools lessons of Geography undergo exclusively in the class room. The dream of pupils in relation to the geographical education are field exercises, more frequent watching films and using teaching games during lessons and the group work.
Because of the spaciousness of the analyses carried out in the last sub-task of the research task (Legal status of public participation in spatial planning) they are going to be presented in a separate article. The above description of the 4/5 of the research task leads to a number of conclusions that are not taken into account often enough in discussions and postulations concerning public participation. The feverishness and haste in waiting for the effects of public participation in spatial planning should be tempered with a short history (short life) of this phenomenon. Additionally, it is not possible to treat public participation, particularly in spatial planning, exclusively as a fulfilment of the democratic postulation of giving more authority to citizens. In this respect the citizens should acquire appropriate knowledge and skills without which it is not possible to imagine spatial design. It is nowadays typical that types (models) of public participation are confused. Informing, consulting, etc. are only tools of participation. The type of spontaneous participation we discriminated seems to be the most frequent way of civil participation in spatial planning in Poland right now. It is often conflicting participation that does not have its place in public participation based on consensus as is initiated and coordinated by official institutions or public administration. This shows that Poland’s spatial management has a conflict triggering nature. As a phenomenon that broadens democratic practices public participation in spatial planning and formation of space may be developed and enhanced. However, it is too often considered that this enhancement should rely on creating new (and enhancing the existing) instruments of participation – methods and techniques whereas also pointing at new fragments of social environment and social and spatial problems that are unsolvable without social participation is also a way of enhancement and broadening.
Future Internet and global competition among cities pushes us towards a connected world where people are the source of data for governments and enterprises. The technology is out there but the number of intelligent cities increases slowly. Required infrastructure is expensive and only the richest cities can afford it. Luckily, a "smart" alternative does exist - participatory sensing. It promises sustainability by engaging citizens and enterprises in building and maintaining sensing infrastructure. This paper reviews projects based on this paradigm in terms of business models.
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