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Single-, double- and triple-labelling immunohistochemistry were applied to study the distribution and neurochemical properties of cholinergic nerve fibres supplying the vas deferens in juvenile and adult pigs. Cholinergic nerves were identified using an antibody against choline acetyltransferase. Immunoblotting was applied to verify the specificity of choline acetyltransferase immunostaining. Western blotting performed on vas deferens tissue homogenates detected single immunoreactive protein with a molecular weight matching this of acetylcholine transferase (71,5 kDa). The majority of choline acetyltransferase-containing nerves innervating the organ are distributed in the lamina propria and coexpress immunoreactivities of up to 4 other biologically active substances including nitric oxide synthase (a marker of nitrergic structures) and neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin. A comparison of data previously collected with the present results reveals that in the pig, neurochemical characteristics of choline acetyltransferase-containing pelvic neurons and nerve fibres supplying the vas deferens are very similar leading to conclusion that cholinergic innervation of the organ largely derives from pelvic ganglia.
The presence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was studied in neurons and nerve fibers of the porcine otic ganglion. ChAT-positive neurons were very numerous while VAChT-positive nerve cells were moderate in number. The number of neurons containing NPY and VIP was lower and those containing SOM, GAL, SP or CGRP were observed as scarce, or single nerve cells. The above mentioned substances (except SOM) were present in nerve fibers of the ganglion. ChAT- and VAChT-positive nerve fibers were numerous, while the number of nerve terminals containing NPY, VIP and SP was lower. GAL- and CGRP-positive nerve fibers were scarce.
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) are currently accepted specific markers for cholinergic neurons. Current knowledge concerning the organization of the hypothalamic cholinergic system has been derived predominantly from laboratory animals. In the present study, applying immunocytochemistry the authors investigated the morphology and distribution of the ChAT- and VAChT-immunoreactive nerve cells and terminals in the porcine hypothalamic preoptic, supraoptic and tuberal nuclei. ChAT-immunoreactive perikarya were present in the tuberal arcuate nucleus. Numerous VAChT- -positive terminals were found in the external layer of the median eminence, while perikarya occupied the perifornical, dorso-caudal and dorsal hypothalamic nuclei. These results provide morphological indications that the cholinergic hypothalamic system may affect the secretory function of the median eminence in pigs.
Previous immunocytochemical studies provided conflicting data concerning occurrence of the CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies in the porcine spinal cord. In the present study, we have investigated expression of the CGRP and its possible coexpression with ChAT in the gray matter of the thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord of the pig. Our study revealed a large number of CGRP-immunoreactive cells in the motor nucleus of the ventral horn, and less and singe perikarya intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, respectively. Double staining immunocytochemistry, depending on the cross-section level, disclosed the highest ChAT/CGRP colocalization subsequently in the motor nucleus of the ventral horn, then in the intermediolateral and intermediomedial nucleus. Our data provide morphological evidence confirming expression of CGRP in the porcine spinal nuclei while its coexpression in cholinergic neurons suggests that CGRP may play a role in modulation of the spinal cholinergic transmission.
Molecular probes were generated to study the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), choline acetyltrans- ferase (ChAT), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the peripheral nervous system of the pig with in situ hybridization. Application of the probes to the sections from the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in control animals revealed numerous neurons displaying a hybridization signal for TH, while less numerous nerve cells exhibited the hybridization signal for GAL and ChAT. In the spinal ganglia L1-L3 the hybridization signal for SP and CGRP was detected in the vast majority of neurons, while the hybridization signal for ChAT was found in much smaller population of ganglionic nerve cells. After injection of retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) into the porcine ovary and subsequent ovariectomy, FB-positive neurons were detected in the ipsilateral IMG and spinal ganglia L1-L3. Application of a molecular probe for GAL to sections from IMG in ovariectomized animals revealed that the majority of FB-positive neurons displayed the hybridization signal what may suggest increased de-novo synthesis of the peptide in the injured neurons.
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