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Shortly after the introduction of fluoroquinolones into human and animal therapy an acquired resistance to these compounds was described in many bacterial species. The primary type of the resistance generally involves multiple point mutations in the genes encoding the quinolone target enzymes: gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE). The frequency of occurrence of Salmonella strains conferring quinolone resistance has recently increased significantly. Moreover, novel plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms that can spread horizontally were reported. These include the production of enzyme protecting peptides encoded by several alleles of qnr gene (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrD) and their variants, quinolone efflux pump (qep), and finally ciprofloxacin modification by a variant of aminoglycoside acethyltransferase (aac(6’)-Ib-cr). The paper presents the background of resistance mechanisms as well as the occurrence and global spread of quinolone resistant Salmonella.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica strains to various chemotherapeutic groups. In total, 103 Y. enterocolitica strains were used. They belonged to biotypes 1A, 3, 4 and serotypes O:3, O:5, O:6, O:7,13, O:8, O:9, and were isolated in the years 2000 and 2007 from pigs in farms located in north-eastern Poland. Twenty-six chemotherapeutics of various groups were applied: quinolones, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, colistin, tiamulin, nitrofurantoin, sulphonamides, and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Strain sensitivity was evaluated in vitro by the standardized disc-diffusion method according to CLSI recommendations. The study showed that the sensitivity profile of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs in Poland in the years 2000 and 2007 underwent significant changes during this interval, that reveal a tendency for increasing resistance to some chemotherapeutics used in veterinary treatment. Considering the hazard to public health caused by the wide prevalence of these bacteria in pig population, as well as the need to ensure the efficacy of yersiniosis treatment, the phenomenon of Y. enterocolitica acquiring drug resistance to chemotherapeutics should be systematically monitored.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibilities of national Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) strains isolated from pigs depending on biotype and serotype. In the study 40 strains of biotype 1A and 6 of biotype 4 as well as 21 strains of serotype O:3, 14 – O:5, 8 – O:6, 5 – O:7,13 and 3 – O:8 were used. Strains were isolated from pigs in farms located in north–east Poland. Twenty-six chemotherapeutics belonging to various groups were applied – quinolones, cephalosporins, penicyllins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, colistin, chloramphenicol, tiamulin, sulphonamides, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin were performed. The susceptibilities in strains were evaluated in vitro by the standardized disc-diffusion method according to CLSI recommendations. The study sometimes showed quite high differentiation in susceptibilities to chemotherapeutics in Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs depending on biotype and serotype. Results obtained in this study and study results of other authors indicate the possible relationship between the biotypes and serotypes defining Y. enterocolitica strains and their susceptibilities to some chemotherapeutics. Therefore this phenomenon should be taken into consideration in the selection of drugs used in yersiniosis treatment.
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