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Coccidiosis of chickens, caused by species of Eimeria (Protozoa, Apicomplexa), is an intestinal disease of major economic importance worldwide. In the present study, the reproductive characteristics of a precocious line (designated E. tenella Rt3+15) from Australia were investigated in chicken embryos and the implications of the findings briefly discussed.
It bas been found that trypsin and α-chymotrypsin inhibitors isolated from Ascaris suum act embryotoxically and teratogenically on White Leghorn clucken embryos. Mortatity rate for the chicken embryos on day 15 of incubation was 45.0 ± 3.5% after injection of trypsin inbibitor and 44.0 ± 3.5% after adminstration α-chymotrypsin inbibitor. Gross examination of surviving embryos and their dissection revealed pathological changes (abdominal dropsy, umbilical hernia, subcutaneous oedema, hemoperitoneum, hemopericardium), symptoms indicating retardation in growth (lack of down, retarded ossification of long bones, decreased mean body weight) as well as malformations (schistocelia, micrognathia, cyclopia, crossed beak, cranial deformities) after injection of inhibitors from Ascaris. The highest incidence of embryos with pathological changes and malformations was found after administralion of α-chymotrypsin inbibitor. The most commonly occurring abnormality was schistocelia (21.4 ± 3.88%). Growth malformations were not found in the control groups. The trypsin and α-chymotrypsin inhibitors present in Ascaris homogenate have a significant disturbing effect on the development of the chicken embryo.
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We tested the hypothesis that endothelium-dependent relaxation in the chicken ductus arteriosus (DA) is developmentally regulated. Isolated DA rings from 15-, 19- and 21-day-old (externally pipped) chicken embryos relaxed to acetylcholine (ACh). This relaxation was unaffected by indomethacin but impaired by endothelium removal, by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, and by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ, suggesting the involvement of NO. This NO production was confirmed with the fluorescent probe DAF-2DA. The combination of apamin and charybdotoxin with L-NAME produced a further inhibition of ACh-induced relaxation, suggesting the participation of a putative EDHF. In the 21-day DA, the relaxations induced by ACh and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were markedly reduced and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated an irregular endothelial lining with protrusion and detachment of endothelial cells. The relaxations induced by BAY 41-2272 and 8-Br cGMP were not affected by age. When compared with 5%, lower (0%) and higher (21, 95%) O2 concentrations impaired ACh-induced relaxation. In summary, we found that ACh induces endothelium-dependent relaxation of the chicken DA and that NO and EDHF are involved in this response. During chicken DA closure, endothelial cells undergo morphologic and functional alterations that result in the lack of endothelium-dependent relaxation.
Oceniano przydatność testu wykonywanego na błonie omoczniowo-kosmówkowej zarodka kury do określenia właściwości drażniących kosmetyków.
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