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As researchers involved in chromatography for 30 years we would like to present three approaches of implementation of principles of green chemistry into gas chromatography
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Leon P. Marchlewski 1869-1946

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Jedrzej Sniadecki 1768-1838

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The present study is aimed at investigating the properties of Cassava starch for the production of adhesives as a career opportunity in chemistry education. Method of starch extraction, characterization and adhesive production for quality assessment was performed. The results showed that adhesives produced with sodium hydroxide as a gelatinization enhancer has a maximum drying time of 8.60 minutes and had a stronger bond. The work concludes that the adhesive produced is of good quality and can lead to re-inventing chemistry education as a career opportunity. However, the Cassava adhesive met the basic requirement for adhesive use and application. At the end recommendations were made, among others increase employment opportunities, also diversify the economic base of farmers and there is need for reorientation and attitudinal change towards entrepreneurial job.
Research on the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation in the Hornsund region of Svalbard has been extended by analysis of the organic contents. In rainfall samples collected in September 2003, the organics were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE), eluted and analysed on gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector (GC/MS). Rainfall pH was in the range 4.72-5.45, the low values suggesting possible pollution. Concentrations of inorganic ions, expressed as total dissolved salts (TDS), were 5.40-13.18 mg L-1. Non-sea-salt (nss) sulphates were in the range 5-11 µeq L-1. In all samples, long-chain alkanes with chain length up to C36, and their methyl derivatives were detected. Among aromatic compounds biphenyl, dibenzofuran and its methyl derivatives were found. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were represented by naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene and pyrene. There were no PAHs with higher numbers of rings. The synoptic meteorological conditions in September 2003 indicate that all organic and inorganic pollutants were of local origin.
The following research on plant litterfall mass, dynamics, structure and chemistry was conducted from 2012 to 2014, on a 40- to 86-year-old stand of black alder (Alnus glutinosa) growing in a headwater area of the upper part of the valley of the Kamienna Creek (Middle Pomerania). Litterfall was collected every month with 20 circular traps, dried untill constant weight, divided into fractions, weighed and analyzed. The annual amount of litterfall deposited on soil during the study period ranged from 3482.5 to 4106.9 kg·ha-1, showing a dynamics pattern typical of temperate decidous forests. Leaves constituted the major fraction of litter with share of between 78.0 and 81.6% in its total mass. The contribution (in %) of twigs was 4.9-5.6, flowers 2.8-8.3, fruits 0.2-0.9 and other components 7.6-9.2. The relatively stable environmental conditions of headwater areas and the absence of disrupting factors during the study period were reflected in the low temporal variability of litterfall mass, dynamics and chemical composition of its individual fractions. The average annual pH of litterfall was 4.33-4.57. In general, litter was relatively rich in nitrogen and calcium but poor in phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The content of Fe, Al and Mn was characteristic for these elements and low when compared to the other macroelements. The low contents of Cu and Zn confirm limited anthropogenic contamination of the investigated ecosystem with these metals. The annual return of the elements to the soil formed a series C>N>Ca>K>Mg>P>Mn>Fe>Al>Zn>Sr>Cu. A relatively large influx to the soil was noticed for nitrogen and calcium. Meanwhile, it was low for potassium, magnesium and phosphorus.
This study compares the results of three stations differing greatly in geography, and tendencies of change in the chemistry of precipitation (open and throughfall) in the years 1996-1999. The mean annual pH is lower than 5.2, and often drops below 4.6. A distinct decline in the concentrations of sulphate ions at all the stations is observed.
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