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Interactions between phyto- and zooplankton species have been discussed on the basis of literature data and partially of own, rather general investigations. The ways of taking food by zooplankton was reviewed. The literature data on potential consumers of phytoplankton taxa of a different size is presented in a tabular form. Two aspects of interactions have been analysed: influence of zooplankton on the dynamics and adaptive responses of phytoplankton; phytoplankton as factor stimulating zooplankton development.
Chemical signals are widely used in inter and intraspecific communication in many animals. The importance of scent marks in communication has led to a variety of strategies in animals to increase the detectability and persistence of their scent marks. We studied the scent marking of foxes in relation to the role of plants as scent posts in a suburban Mediterranean forest in Madrid. Twice a month, from October 2005 to April 2006, we prospected 16 fixed 50  50 m plots, randomly distributed along the study area. We registered all fox faeces and their association to different plants, as well as the potential availability of the different plant species in our study area. Our results indicate that faeces were associated with plants mainly in the clearings, foxes preferred wooden species to grasses as scent posts and holm oak shrubs and rockroses to other wooden species. These data suggest that red foxes select certain plants as substrates for their faeces and pose the possibility that they are guided by searching images when looking for scent posts.
This review presents recent knowledge concerning integration between the reception of signals about abiotic or biotic stress conditions and the delivery of information to individual, even remote organs. In further consequence - physiological processes are affected e.g. pattern of biomass partitioning and growth. Strategy of optimal distribution of photosynthates increases the acclimation to stresses. Special attention is paid to the role of phloem and xylem as a superhighway, rapidly transmitting signals as well as products of stress gene expression: RNAs, proteins, transcription factors. The regulation of plant responses to adverse conditions is carried from the molecular to the whole organism level, not only by the modulation of gene expression, their stimulation and silencing, but also by a post-transcriptional control. Various signalling molecules including hormones, salicylic acid and systemin, play a pivotal role in the regulation of plant response to stresses. They are trafficking into conducting bundles. Some physical factors such as hydraulic pressure and electrical signals, with a much higher transmission velocity than chemical signalling molecules, also regufate the responses of plants to stresses. Both kinds of signals are propagated systemically through the plant body in a controlled way, in many cases by phloem or xylem. Several recent papers present the hypothesis of selective phloem loading and unloading especially of some macromolecular substances and viruses. Their transport may be surveillance also inside the sieve tubes.
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