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A study has been carried out on the basis of a field experiment set up on soil of very good rye complex. The experiment was designed as randomized sub-blocks with three replications. Experimental factors included three cultivars of edible potato – Wiking, Mors, and Żagiel, and six Colorado potato beetle control methods using the following insecticides: Actara 25 WG at the rate of 80 g ha-1, Regent 200 SC at the rate of 0.1 dm3 ha-1, Calypso 480 SC at three rates: 0.05; 0.075 and 0.1 dm3 ha-1, and a control treatment without chemical protection. Magnesium and calcium contents in potato tubers were determined by the ASA method. The content of the elements depended on the cultivars, Colorado potato beetle control methods and weather conditions throughout the growing season. The insecticides applied significantly increased magnesium and calcium contents compared with the tubers harvested from the control treatment where no chemical protection was applied. Tubers of Żagiel and Wiking cultivars had the highest magnesium content and calcium content, respectively.
The aim of the presented studies was to determine the effect of chemical weed control on the development and yield of native poppy cultivars. The results of presented experiment showed that the native poppy cultivars are more susceptible to herbicides than ‘Opal’ and ‘Lazur’ cultivars. The yield of ‘Michałko’ cultivar in all treatments of chemical protection was very low. It was proved that the suggestion of a necessary protection of ‘Mieszko’ cultivar against weeds with lower doses of herbicides than the doses applied in the cultures of cultivars with a high content of morphine is justified. ‘Mieszko’ cultivar gave the highest yield on plots protected after sowing with Lentipur Flo™ 500 SC (a.s. chlorotoluron) in the dose of 1.2 l/ha and in the growth stage of 4 leaves, when the treatment was carried out with Callisto™ 100 SC (a.s. mesotrione) in the dose of 0.4 l/ha. Positive results of weed control after the application of these herbicides indicate the possibility to initiate studies aiming at authorization to use these herbicides in growing of the native cultivars of poppy (minor crop).
Studies on the economic efficiency of pesticides used on spring triticale were conducted in 2008-2010 in Boguchwała (south-eastern Poland). On average from 52.0 to 86.2% of leaves were infested by triticale diseases. The efficiency of applied fungicides ranged from 44.2 to 87.7%. Yield increase was from 160 to 565 PLN from 1 ha. The cost coverage ratio was from 1.0 to 3.1, and the profitability ratio for treatments was from 2.3 to 7.3. The percentage cost ratio was from 3.5 to 10.4.
A floristic study was conducted over the period 2010– 2012, using the Braun-Blanquet method, under which vegetation relevés were made in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) plantations in Lower Silesia. Fields with similar habitat conditions, which differed in the intensity of herbicide application to control weed infestation, were selected for observation. A total of 144 relevés were made and based on them a list was prepared of species found in fields in which different levels of chemical protection were used. A cover index and a constancy class were determined for each species found in the phytocoenoses studied. On the basis of these observations, the study found floristic variation in the investigated agrophytocenoses as affected by the level of intensity of weed control chemicals used. In herbicide-untreated plots, a total of 25 weed species were found and their aggregate cover index was 8705. Chenopodium album L., Polygonum persicaria L. and Setaria pumila (POIR.) ROEM. & SCHULT by far dominated among them. Herbicide use caused an impoverishment in the floristic list. 20 taxa were observed in the plots treated with the lowest herbicide rates, while with increasing rates the number of species dropped to 18. The sum of the cover indices also decreased with increasing rates, successively reaching the values of 5907, 5212 and 4356.
The aim of the study carried out during 2002-2004 was to assess the effects and economic effectiveness of application of fungicides and insecticides in winter triticale crops. Its leaves were attacked by pathogenic fungi in 43.2% to 52.2% and the damage to leaf blade surfaces by cereal leaf beetle (Oulema spp.) ranged from 23.6% to 34.4%. The effectiveness of applied fungicides ranged from 44.7% to 90.8%, and that of insecticides was within 70.1% and 94.4%. The saved crops were evaluated for PLN 198 to 1171 per ha. The cost coverage ratio ranged from 0.7 to 9.9 and the treatment profitability index ranged from 0.9 to 7.4. Cost index in percentage ranged from 0.8 to 8.5, with its average value of 4.2.
In the four-year experiment the impact of four different barley varieties and selected two- and three-component mixtures were tested. The studies were carried out at two sites: Experimental Station for Variety Testing Słupia Wlk. (Wielkopolska region) and Plant Breeding Station Bąków (Opole District) during four growing seasons (2001/2002-2004/2005). The aim of the studies was to evaluate the yield through growing barley variety mixtures in combination with reduced use of fungicide and application dose rates. Positive effects (1-15% yield increase in mixtures compared to pure stands) were observed. On the base of obtained results it can be stated that winter barley variety mixtures can constitute an alternative way of growing winter barley, especially at low-input and ecological agriculture.
In the years 1993-1995 experiments on integrated pest management (IPM) were conducted. A three year experiment with winter wheat was performed to evaluate the effect of chemical control of diseases on their occurrence and grain yield, at various conditions of N fertilisation. The economical profit was analysed.
The genetic resistance of potato varieties can be utilized to lower the fungicide rates used for plant protection against late blight. The very resistant varieties can be protected with half the rate of fungicide without negative effect on efficiency of the control.
In the four-year experiment the impact of four different winter barley varieties and selected two- and three-component mixtures were tested. Reduced dosages of fungicides on disease reduction in the mixtures compared with pure stands were evaluated. The studies were carried out at two sites: Experimental Station for Variety Testing Słupia Wlk. (Wielkopolska region) and Plant Breeding Station Bąków (Opole District). Observations on powdery mildew occurrence during the vegetation season were done every 7-10 days. In order to compare the disease occurrence levels on different cultivars in pure stands and on their mixtures combined with different fungicide treatments the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was evaluated. On the base of the AUDPC values the reduction of powdery mildew occurring in the mixtures due to epidemiological and ecological factors functioning in mixed stands were also evaluated. On the base of obtained results it can be stated that winter barley variety mixtures combined with different fungicide treatments do reduce the powdery mildew incidence comparing to pure stands and winter barley variety mixtures can constitute an alternative way of growing winter barley, especially at low-input and ecological agriculture.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of presowing conditioning, hormone permeation, and fungicide application on the vigour of seeds and seedlings as well as the yield of marjoram herb collected from the cultivation started by direct sowing into the open field. The methods of presowing seed treatment were as follows: soaking in GA3, matriconditioning with solid substance MicroCel-E, osmoconditioning in the solution of polyethylene glycol PEG 6000. Seeds of every combination were either dressed with Penncozeb or sown without fungicide. The yield and quality of marjoram herb were tested in the field experiments conducted in the region of Central and Southern Poland. The phytopathological analysis of seeds showed their low infestation by microorganisms, this not increasing following the seed conditioning and soaking in GA3 solution. The measurements of seedling vigour under controlled conditions proved the positive effect of every tested method of presowing seed treatment. Irrespective of localization, the yields of marjoram herb and essential oil were the highest with the crop from matriconditioned seeds. The effect of seed osmoconditioning and soaking in GA3 solution as well as fungicide application depended on the localization of marjoram growing.
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