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Human promyelocytic leukemia cells,. HL-60, were treated with cisplattn [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)] (2 itiM, 1 h). DNA- eisplatin-protein complexes were isolated and exposed to thiourea (1M), NaCN (100 mM), diethyldithio-carbamate (500 mM), or tf-methyl-D- glucamine dithiocarbamate (500 mM) for 12 h. The release of platinum was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Sodium cyanide was the most effective agent, releasing about 90% of the DNA-bound platinum. Thiourea was the least effective agent, while dithiocar- bamates exhibited an intermediate. The ability of the same group of agents to split the proteins off from the protein-cisplatin-DNA complex was also evaluated and similarly dithiocarbamate were also the most effective.
n this work, morphology of Beta vulgaris L. cells permeabilized with 0.7 mM of Triton X-100® was evaluated using digital image processing and concepts of fractal dimension (perimeter- area relations). Important morphometric changes were found when the contact-time with chemical agent was increased.The size of cells decreased, the cells lost the roundness and their shape was more sinuous; this behaviour was a result of a probable shrinkage caused by the excess of exposure with the permeabili- zation agent. Morphology of B. vulgaris cells after permeabili- zation, exhibited a fractal nature since the slope of the ratio of the logarithm of the perimeter vs logarithm of the area was higher than unit. Fractal geometry of the cell morphology was affected as a re- sult of the exposure to Triton X-100®. Those changes can be attri- buted to the loss of turgor and structure of the cell wall.
Amoebae of the Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff strain, cultured in bacteria-free condition at room temperature, were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to selected chemical compounds. The amoebae, grown during 4 and 10 days following regular subculturing, were exposed for 24 h to three compounds: the newly synthesized imidazole derivatives (1) 2-methyl-3N-(4-nitrobenzyl)-5-nitro-1H-imidazole designated as AG16; (2) 2-methyl-3N-(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)-5-nitro-1H-imidazole designated as AG17 and to the (3) cationic antiseptic agent chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). Two different concentrations of the above-mentioned substances were applied. The results showed that all chemicals tested had some amoebicidal effect on 4-day grown population of Acanthamoeba; variations in susceptibility of the amoebae, depending on the kind and concentration of the compounds occurred. It was also observed that several agents changed the relationship between A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts. Chlorhexidine digluconate caused a decrease in percentage of the trophozoites to 88.4% at higher concentration of the compound, 10 (μg/ml (in comparison to 97.8% from the control samples), however, significant increase of the cyst percentage, to 11.6% in assays with this concentration of Chlorhexidine were revealed (2.2% in the control samples). Tendency toward induction of encystment was also apparent when AG17 was applied. Because activation of the dormant cysts can lead to repeated development of amoebae, very important is cysticidal efficacy of tested agents. Among all compounds examined by us, the newly synthesized imidazole derivative AG16 was the most effective. It was expressed as decrease in average number of amoebae (to 655.6 × 10³/ml at concentration of the agent 8 μg/ml; 682.5 × 10³/ml in assays with CHX at concentration 4 μg/ml; 893 × 10³/ml in the control samples) connected with a clear cysticidal effect (1.4% of cysts at concentration 4 μg/ml of AG16).
Working time in conditions of exposure to hazardous factors is an important element indispensable for the evaluation of human exposure in the working environment. Agricultural work is accompanied by co-occurrence of many risk factors threatening farmers' health, e.g. dust, elements of the thermal environment, noise, vibration, chemical and biological agents. Biological factors cause diseases with contagious, allergic or immuno-toxic backgrounds which constitute the majority of farmers' occupational diseases registered in Poland. Exposure to hazardous factors in agricultural working environment is due to contact with plants, animals and organic wastes, more precisely - with microbes, plant and animal particles present in aerogenic agricultural dust, as well as pathogens of contagious and invasive diseases present in contaminated soil, water and plants. Data concerning the duration of farmers' exposure to biological and other factors of the working environment were obtained with the use of the Private Farmer Work Chart. Time-schedule observations concerned an annual work cycle. The study covered 30 farms with the following production profiles: plant (Group A), animal (Group B) and mixed production (Group C). The total working time was: in Group A - from 106-163% of the legal working time; in Group B - from 75-147%; in Group C - from 136-167%. Among 48 work activities contributing to the full working cycle among the farmers examined, 15 activities were accompanied by 5 factors. These were mainly field activities which covered plant harvesting and fertilizing, chemical plant protection, as well as cultivation activities. Agricultural dust and elements of the thermal environment were the environmental factors most frequently accompanying agricultural work, followed by contact with biological factors, noise, vibration, and chemical agents. Biological factors are a specific element associated with 19 work activities, mainly the spreading of manure, animal breeding and plant harvesting. Farmers' working time in conditions of exposure to these factors in the group of plant producers was 51% of the total working time on average, among animal breeders - 80% and in the case of mixed production - 77%.
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Wystepowanie i zwalczanie matwika ziemniaczanego

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W pracy zwrócono uwagę na szeroki zakres stosowania chemicznych środków ochrony roślin w sadach, co stanowi zagrożenie dla środowiska. W szczególności dotyczy to insektycydów, wśród których dominują nieselektywne, toksyczne preparaty z grupy neurotoksyn. Zjawiskiem niekorzystnym jest także niedobór środków do biologicznego zwalczania. W podsumowaniu, podano wykaz proekologicznych środków ochrony roślin zalecanych do ochrony upraw sadowniczych w Polsce.
NAA, carbaryl and ethephon were applied separately or in mixture or additionaly with SADH on the Golden Delicious trees, in five experiments, with the aim of regulating fruiting and increase fruit size. The best results were obtained after treatment with carbaryl at conc. 2500-3000 ing/L separately or with the mixture of carbaryl and NAA at conc. 1500 and 40 mg/L, respectively. These chemicals in general caused succesful thinning and increased fruit size. The lower yield was recompensed by higher quality of apples. The results after treatments with carbaryl in mixture with NAA were comparable to those after hand thinning. NAA increased of apple size effectively also, but only at conc. 40 mg/L or higher. However at conc. higher than 40 mg/L the chemical caused injuries of the leaves and youngest shoots. NAA applied separately was less effective than in the mixture with carbaryl. Ethephon at conc. 400 mg/L, applied 14 days after blooming, caused succesful thinning in general and increased fruit size but to a smaller degree than the other chemicals. However ethephon applied in mixture with NAA increased size similarly as hand thinning. In subsequent year the trees sprayed with the mixture of ethephon and NAA yielded abundantly and the apples were smaller than control onces, consequently. Ethephon applied jointly with carbaryl didn't increase the fruit size in spite of the reduction their number. The mixture of ethephon and SADH caused succesful thinning and increased the fruit size in the year of thinning. But in subsequent year the apples were smaller than in control as a consequence of higher yield.
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