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The total amount of the identified phenolics was similar in leaves of both cultivars noninfested by the insects. However, higher content of ferulic acid and o-coumaric acid was found in the less acceptable triticale (Lamberto cv.) than in more acceptable Marko cv. After infestation an increase in content of the most phenolics was observed. The cereal leaf beetle brought the highest changes in the gallic, chlorogenic, salicylic, syringic and ferulic acid. The grain aphid feeding resulted in the increase of gallic, chlorogenic, vanilic, caffeic, syringic and salicylic acids. Moreover, much higher induction of phenolic biosynthesis occurred within seedlings of Lambero cv. than in Marko one. The differences in phenolic acids level within triticale tissues induced by the chewing and sucking-piercing insects are discussed.
In 1992-1994 studies were carried on the noxiousness, biological effectiveness and effects of chemical control of cereal leaf beetles (Qulema spp.) on the spring wheat. The larvae most frequently injured flag leaves, damaging them to 74.8%. The reduction of flag leaves surface area ranged 20.8-38.0%. The use of insecticides resulted in the increase of the grain yield by 12.5% on an average.
The cereal leaf beetles Oulema melanopus L. and Oulema gallaeciana Heyden (Chrysomelidae) are common pests in European and North American cereal fields. Here we report infestation rates by Oulema spp. and yield loss of winter wheat and barley in Northern Poland (1995 to 1997) and show that both Oulema species might be of significant economic importance. Oulema melanopus was in all the three study years more abundant than Oulema gallaeciana. Larval densities ranged from 22 to 26 larvae per 100 stalks for winter wheat and 29 to 36 larvae per 100 stalks for barley. From these data we estimate yield losses of 0.5 to 4% for winter wheat and 3 to 8% for barley. The significant negative correlation between beetle abundances and the hydrothermic index indicates that higher precipitation and/or lower temperature had a negative effect on the activity of O. melanopus and O. gallaeciana.
Two species of leaf beetles from Chrysomelidae family i.e. the cereal leaf beetle Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus 1758) and the blue leaf beetle Oulema gallaeciana (Heyden 1970) can cause considerable damage to cereal crops. Improvement of short-term forecasting was focused on determination of optimal time of control of these pests that takes place at mass larval hatching. Thus long term studies were carried out to evaluate a correlation between duration of egg incubation, temperature and air humidity. The length of egg incubation was examined at temperatures of 16°C, 20°C and 25°C and air humidity 60% in a growth chamber and under field conditions. Based on linear and curvilinear multinomial regression analyses the influence and significance of such independent variable (x) as: sum of temperatures (sums of mean daily temperatures), mean air humidity, sum of effective temperatures and mean effective temperature versus duration of egg incubation of O. melanopus and O. gallaeciana (dependent variable – y) were evaluated. Analyses of 32 interactions (x, y) showed that only four were insignificant i.e. mean air humidity in the growth chamber at 20°C had no effect on the length of egg incubation of O. melanopus and at 25°C on the length of egg incubation of O. gallaeciana. Also under field conditions sums of effective temperatures showed no effect on duration of egg incubation of both species.
Oulema melanopus and O. duftschmidi are recorded from most Polish zoogeographical regions. Both species are characterized by a great morphological and biometrical variability, and only structure of internal sac of male genitalia is diagnostic.
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