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The influence of moderate water deficit on both the ultrastructure of epidermal cell walls and cellulose content in the walls of Sium latifolium leaves during flowering and fruitage stage was studied. The ultrastructure of walls of adaxial and abaxial surface was studied by the scanning electron microscopy. Complex of cellulose with calcofluor in the cell walls of both adaxial, abaxial epidermis and mesophyll of two ecological forms of S. latifolium leaves was visualized by the laser-confocal microscopy. S. latifolium plants grew in water and under influence of moderate water deficit. The images of quantitative distribution of cellulose in the cell walls were obtained on cellular level depending on the type of leaf tissue, growth stage and on the conditions of plant growth. The decrease of amorphous cellulose and the increase of crystalline cellulose were established in the process of growth and under the influence of water deficit. The role of cellulose in the cellular mechanisms of adaptation to water deficit is discussed.
An experimental study on Carica papaya leaves was carried out in Thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA), Differential Thermal Analyzer (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analyzer to investigate the effects of reaction atmosphere on thermal chemical characteristics. Experimental results show that In DSC curve, Endothermic peak at 101 °C is attributed to dehydration/Water loss from surface and pores of the powder sample. Step at 215 °C is associated with second order phase transition such as Glass Transition and it should be further confirmed in second heating (During heat- cool- heat cycle). Endothermic peak at 336 °C is associated protease thermal decomposition /Beta Cyclodextrin breakdown. In the TGA Curve, The initial 4 % weight loss is due to water loss from surface/pores of powder sample. Second weight loss between 200-450 °C is associated to degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose.
Impact of environmental pollution caused by sulphur mining on the chemical composition of wood and bark of birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Content of extractives, cellulose, !% NaOH soluble substances and lignin were examined. Samples were gained from cca. 70-year old birch (Betula pendula Roth.) grown in the environment polluted by sulfur mining industry. 200mm height disks were cut in the butt-end, middle and top section of the trunk. Disk from the main branch was also collected. Bark was collected from butt-end section. On the cross-section from butt-end and middle part of the trunk following zones were marked: outer, center and pith adjacent wood. On the cross-section from the top part wood was divided into outer and pith adjacent. Only one zone was marked in branch. Results show that environmental pollution caused by sulfur mining industry influences the content and distribution of extractives on the cross- and longitudinal sections. It also causes the increase of extractives content in bark. Content and distribution of 1% NaOH soluble substances are also changed on both cross-sections. Environmental pollution decreased lignin content in wood and increased this content in bark from butt-end section.
The Programme of Plant Genetic Resources Protection alongside the main task of preserving biodiversity plays also other roles. As a part of this programme, the collection holding over 130 hemp cultivars and genotypes is evaluated and being enlarged at the INF. Hemp was a prohibited crop in many European countries until recently due to the problem of drug abuse. Many valuable breeding materials and local populations were destroyed. Therefore, it is very important to preserve the cultivars and ecotypes of hemp for genetic and breeding research. The INF collection is thoroughly studied and the analyses of different parameters of accessions are conducted under both, greenhouse and field conditions as well as in the laboratory. Currently, the traditional use of hemp in Europe is marginal. The hemp raw material is mainly used in non-garment textile area, such as pulp and paper, automotive and construction materials industries. The Programme of Genetic Resources Protection ensures necessary and consequent evaluation of collected genotypes according to different parameters and direction of use. Therefore, the protection of genetic resources is a main element of breeding strategy for cultivated plants.
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