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Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible enzyme degrading heme to biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide, is involved in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. Tin protoporphyrin (SnPPIX) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPPIX) are commonly used as competitive inhibitors of HO-1. We aimed to compare the effects of SnPPIX and ZnPPIX on the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), activity of in­ducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cell viability. All experiments were per­formed on rat vascular smooth muscle cells and murine RAW264.7 macrophages treated with 3-10 ,uM protoporphyrins. Some cells were additionally stimulated with IL-1β or with lipopolysaccharide. After a 24 h incubation period SnPPIX and ZnPPIX significantly reduced the generation of VEGF in vascular smooth muscle cells and RAW264.7, both in resting and stimulated cells. The inhibitory potentials of both protoporphyrins on VEGF synthesis were very similar. In contrast, analysis of iNOS activity revealed that results obtained with different HO-1 inhibitors are discrepant.
Retinoid resistance has limited the clinical application of retinoids as differentiation-inducing and apoptosis-inducing drugs. This study was designed to investigate whether celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, has effects on retinoid sensitivity in human colon cancer cell lines, and to determine the possible mechanism of said effects. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected via Annexin-V/PI staining and the flow cytometry assay. PGE2 production was measured with the ELISA assay. The expression of RARβ was assayed via western blotting. The results showed that celecoxib enhanced the inhibitory effect of ATRA in both COX-2 high-expressing HT-29 and COX-2 low-expressing SW480 cell lines. Further study showed the ATRA and celecoxib combination induced greater apoptosis, but that the addition of PGE2 did not affect the enhanced growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of the combination. Moreover, NS398 (another selective COX-2 inhibitor) did not affect the inhibitory effects of ATRA in the two cell lines. Western blotting showed that the expression of RARβ in HT-29 cell lines was increased by celecoxib, but not by NS398, and that the addition of PGE2 did not affect the celecoxib-induced expression of the retinoic acid receptor beta. In conclusion, celecoxib increased the expression of RARβ and the level of cellular ATRA sensitivity through COX-2-independent mechanisms. This finding may provide a potential strategy for combination therapy.
Experiments on reversible and irreversible cell electroporation were carried out with an experimental setup based on a standard apparatus for horizontal electrophoresis, a syringe pump with regulated cell suspension flow velocity and a dcEF power supply. Cells in suspension flowing through an orifice in a barrier inserted into the electrophoresis apparatus were exposed to defined localized dcEFs in the range of 0–1000 V/cm for a selected duration in the range 10–1000 ms. This method permitted the determination of the viability of irreversibly electroperforated cells. It also showed that the uptake by reversibly electroperforated cells of fluorescent dyes (calcein, carboxyfluorescein, Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin), which otherwise do not penetrate cell membranes, was dependent upon the dcEF strength and duration in any given single electrical field exposure. The method yields reproducible results, makes it easy to load large volumes of cell suspensions with membrane non-penetrating substances, and permits the elimination of irreversibly electroporated cells of diameter greater than desired. The results concur with and elaborate on those in earlier reports on cell electroporation in commercially available electroporators. They proved once more that the observed cell perforation does not depend upon the thermal effects of the electric current upon cells. In addition, the method eliminates many of the limitations of commercial electroporators and disposable electroporation chambers. It permits the optimization of conditions in which reversible and irreversible electroporation are separated. Over 90% of reversibly electroporated cells remain viable after one short (less than 400 ms) exposure to the localized dcEF. Experiments were conducted with the AT-2 cancer prostate cell line, human skin fibroblasts and human red blood cells, but they could be run with suspensions of any cell type. It is postulated that the described method could be useful for many purposes in biotechnology and biomedicine and could help optimize conditions for in vivo use of both reversible and irreversible electroporation.
Resveratrol (RES), a component of red wine, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The studies described in the present work were aimed at evaluating the potential for RES and related stilbene analogs (piceatannol, PIC; pterostilbene, TPS; trans-stilbene, TS; and trans-stilbene oxide, TSO) to exhibit toxicity towards RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The effect of TS, TSO, RES and TPS on RAW 264.7 macrophage viability was determined by two standard methods: (a) the MTT assay and (b) the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Whereas macrophages were more sensitive to PIC (LC50 trypan ∼ 1.3 μM) and to TPS (LC50 trypan ∼ 4.0 μM and LC50 MTT ∼ 8.3 μM) than to RES (LC50 trypan ∼ 8.9 μM and LC50 MTT ∼ 29.0 μM), they were relatively resistant to TSO (LC50 trypan ∼ 61.0 μM and LC50 MTT > 100 μM) and to TS (LC50 trypan ≥ 5.0 μM and LC50 MTT ≥ 5.0 μM). The ability of selected stilbenes (RES, TPS and PIC) to exhibit growth inhibitory effects was also examined. Although RES and TPS were observed to inhibit cell proliferation in macrophages (IC50 ≤ 25 μM), these cells were resistant to growth inhibition by PIC (IC50 ≥ 50 μM). The data obtained in the present analysis demonstrate that substituted stilbene compounds such as RES have the capacity to exhibit cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities in macrophages.
A pilot study on squamous cell lung carcinoma (LC) chemosensitivity in adenosine triphosphate cell viability chemosensitivity assay (ATP-CVA) was performed. Besides the histological investigation, a modified ATP-CVA was used for the analysis of cancer cell chemosensitivity to four drug regimens, including topotecan, a promising agent for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) chemotherapy. Results of in vitro chemosensitivity testing showed chemoresistance or only weak response in the predominant amount of tumors.
AIM. We investigated effects of pulsating electromagnetic field (PEMF-50 Hz, 45 ± 5 mT) on viability and cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and from Crohn’s disease patients (CD). METHODS. The study was performed after activation of cells with phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) and lipopolisaccharide (LPS). Exposure of PBMC cultures to PEMF from both CD patients and from healthy donors decreased cell’s viability of about 10% and 5% (p>0,05) respectively. PEMF influence was most effective after threefold application. Susceptibility of PBMCs to magnetic field exposure differs among the stimulated (PHA, LPS) and not stimulated (NS) cells. Mitogen activated cells during cell division are most susceptible to induction of the cell death as a result of magnetic interaction, contrary PEMF exposure has minimal effect on non-diving PBMCs from CD patients and from controls. Decreased viability of the Crohn derived cells upon magnetic stimulation was accompanied by altered cytokines profile. Exposed and stimulated PBMCs from Crohn patients decreased IFN- proinflammatory and increased IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine production. The electromagnetically induced cell death could be an important step for non-invasive PEMF treatment in chronic inflammatory diseases.
ATP level, cell motility and viability, oxygen uptake, pyruvate kinase activity, and ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) induced by red-ox Fe2+ -ascorbate cy­cling system were studied in fresh, in previously equilibrated in a glycerol diluent, and in cryopreserved bull spermatozoa, exposed to thermal stress by incubation of the cells at 44°C. A sharp drop in motility and viability of fresh spermatozoa and even more so, of equilibrated and cryopreserved cells was accompanied by accumulation of ATP. When cell movement was totally inhibited, ATP utilization was decreased, while chemical energy continued to be produced by cell pyruvate kinase, one of the key glycolytic enzymes, which in spermatozoa is very active (6500 IU/g protein) and insensitive to feed-back inhibition by excess of ATP and I.-cysteine. Accumulation of ATP during incubation at 44°C in 0.9% NaCI was accompa­nied by a rapid decrease in oxygen consumption by fresh spermatozoa and an increase in Fe2+-ascorbate induced UPE, followed by a sharp decrease in ATP level observed at the end of induced UPE measurement. The increase in photon emission due to lipid peroxidation was highly correlated with the increase in cell ATP level caused by thermal stress.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) protects gastric mucosa against acute injury produced by a variety of damaging agents, but the mechanism of its protective action is not clear. Since the surface epithelial cells (SEC) are important component of gastric mucosal defence, we studied whether EGF may directly protect isolated gastric SEC against ethanol injury in vitro, in condition independent of systemic factors and whether endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in EGF’s protective action. The isolated SEC from rat gastric mucosa were preincubated in medium only, or medium containing 0.0001-10.0 µg/ml of h-rEGF for 15 minutes, and incubated with 8% ethanol for 1 hour. In another study the above experiment was repeated but cells were pretreated with 10⁻⁴ or 10⁻⁵ M indomethacin before EGF treatment. The cell viability was assessed by fast green exclusion test. Incubation of SEC with 8% ethanol significantly reduced SEC cell viability to 50 ₋⁺ 2%: EGF 0.1 or 1.0/µg/ml significantly reduced ethanol induced damage (cell viability 59 ₋⁺ 3 and 62₋⁺ 3% respectively). Pretreatment with 10⁻⁴ M indomethacin (the dose which does not affect SEC viability but inhibit PGE₂ and PGI₂ generation), significantly reduced protective action of EGF against 8% ethanol injury. EGF 1.0 and 10.0 µg/ml alone without ethanol increased PGE₂ and 6 keto PGF₁α generation by SEC. These studies demonstrated: 1) EGF is able to protect gastric surface epithelial cells directly without mediation by systemic factors. 2) EGF induced protection of SEC may in part be mediated by prostaglandins.
The effect on cell viability and content of PhC of three grapes varieties – Moravian Muscat, Blue Burgundy and Lemberger is presented. The effect of polyphenols from wine and grapes was studied for many times, but the effect of pomace, the by-product of wine production, was neglected. Thus study is devoted to compare the effect of berries and pomace on cell viability in context of their utilization as source of bioactive compounds. Effect on viability of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) was investigated in vitro using following concentrations of PhC in cultivation medium: 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg·ml–1. The results show that the content of PhC in berries and pomace was similar and the cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of PhC, in most cases. The impact on cell viability also depends on individual variety of grapes.
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