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A number of preliminary field tests and a growing area show an importance of transgenic cultivars. About 25 000 field tests in 45 countries with 60 crops and 10 characters were conducted in 1986-1997. Over 70% of all tests were conducted in the USA. A transformed maize, potatoes, tomato, soybean, cotton, tobacco and melon were most frequently under these tests. Most frequently modified characters were: the tolerance to herbicides (about 70% of all cultivars), resistance to insect and viruses and the qualitative characters, too. A growing area of transgenic cultivars increased substantially in past years and reached 12.8 mln ha in 1997 (4.5 fold increase in comparison to 1996) and 28 mln ha in 1999. However, it happened just in 3 countries - in USA (74% of world growing area of transgenic cultivars), Argentina (15%) and Canada (10%). These cultivars covered 4.9% of total growing area in the USA, 2.54% in Argentina and 3.75% in Canada. By now the EU countries started to grow transgenic cultivars in 1998 with 20 000 ha in Spain and 2000 ha in France. Transgenic cultivars of some crops cover a substantial area. For example, in 1998 the transgenic soya with an increased tolerance to herbicides covered 36% of total soya acreage in the USA and 60% in Argentina.
Badano wpływ odmiany, temperatury, prędkości przepływu powietrza i sposobu blanszowania na wybrane cechy jakościowe suszu z cebuli oraz na kinetykę procesu suszenia. W aspekcie wybranych funkcji celu wskazano optymalne technologie uzyskiwania suszu z cebuli.
The experiment with preceding crops for spring wheat was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Uhrusk in the years 2000-2002. It was laid out as a randomized blocks design with four replications, plot size was 10 m2. The soil was a grey-brown rendzina developed from light sandy loam rated as a very good rye complex. The experiment involved five preceding crops for spring wheat: pea, potato, spring wheat (1x), spring wheat (2x), spring wheat (3x). Cropping of spring wheat after pea and potatoes increased the total protein content of the grain, wet gluten, sedimentation number and grain uniformity.
Zbadano i przeanalizowano przebieg procesu suszenia blanszowanego i nieblanszowanego selera korzeniowego w zależności od temperatury i prędkości przepływu powietrza. Suszenie prowadzono w temperaturach Stwierdzono istotny związek między temperaturą i czasem suszenia, zdolnością suszu do rehydratacji i jego cechami organoleptycznymi. W zależności od kryterium optymalizacji podano warunki suszenia.
In the years 1999-2002 13 winter wheat cultivars and 9 spring cultivars were tested for: overall protein content, gluten, falling number and Zeleny index. The samples investigated were from experiments carried out in a Cultivar Testing Station in Lower Silesia. The investigation was conducted at two levels of management intensity - a lower one (extensive) and higher one (intensive). The lower level of management corresponded to the one often applied in agricultural practice - medium fertilization and minimum protection. The higher level of management entailed nitrogen fertilization higher by 40 kg, full chemical protection and feeding the plants with microelements. The level of phosphorus and potassium fertilization depended on the content of the elements in the soil. The traits studied were evaluated statistically using the method of variance analysis at 0.05 significance level. It was found that both the winter and spring cultivars of wheat reacted differently to increased levels of cultivation intensity. The spring wheat cultivars were characterized by higher protein and gluten contents, these traits staying unchanged with increased levels of crop management. The cultivation intensity level had, however, a significant effect on falling number and Zeleny index. Of all the cultivars studied the best parameters of the traits investigated had the following winter wheat cultivars: Almari, Korweta, Wanda, Sakwa, Zorza and Zyta; and spring wheat cultivars: Helia, Hezja, Olimpia and Opatka. The increase in all the quality traits under higher management level occured for two winter wheat cultivars (Jawa, Sakwa) and one cultivar of spring wheat (Koksa). For spring and winter wheat an interaction was found between cultivars and management level.
Studies on the qualitative features of rape in the aspect of purchasing and post-harvest processing of seeds prior to production have been conducted at the Institute of Agrophysics for many years. The objective of the studies was to get to know the process of purchasing and post-harvest processing of seeds in order to determine the causes and the extent of qualitative losses (mechanical damage) of the seeds. It was established that the principal cause of the occurrence of mechanical damage is combine harvesting. In the course of operations taking place after the harvest, the number of damaged seeds increased gradually. However, in particular years, depending on the purchasing point or centre, the ratio of damage caused during the harvest to the damage caused during the post-harvest operations varied, which was related to the various equipment installed at the particular purchasing points. Comparing the particular organizations purchasing rape seed, the highest level of seed damage was noted at sugar factories. There was not much variation in the level of seed damage at the other rape seed purchasing points. The high level of rape seed damage at sugar factories was caused by pneumatic transport of seeds after drying. Weather conditions during harvest also had a significant effect on the qualitative features of rape seed, and the level of seed damage varied in particular years of the study.
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