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Subject and purpose of work: The article deals with the issue of risk mainly in banking activity. Different definitions of risk were reviewed as tools for risk management in banks and for regulatory activities by institutions. Materials and methods: The research material was taken from the subject literature and official documents of financial market institutions - international organizations, as well as foreign and domestic financial institutions. They were mainly legal acts, standards and guidelines/recommendations. Particular attention was paid to documents published by banking supervision authorities. Results: As a result of the study, the multiplicity of concepts and approaches were found to define and identify banking risks as the categorizations presented by regulators seemed to be a standard to apply in risk management practices. Conclusions: Among the risk categorization used by banks, the leading ones have been presented by supervisory authorities. Defining the types of risk in operations should be the first stage of the internal risk management process which is necessary for banks’ survival. Ensuring high quality of the implementation of the first stage determines the efficiency and effectiveness of the entire process. The decisive requirements set by European and national regulators with regard to banks’ application of risk categorization as part of the risk management system contributed to mitigating the phenomena related to the global financial crisis among banks in Europe.
Among many threats to global biodiversity, invasion by alien species are perceived as very important. Activities aimed at counteracting this process should be preceded by updating the list of alien species and choosing appropriate terminology and classifications. In the paper, terminology still used by Polish authors is compared with that used in current English-language publications. Some examples are given to support the thesis that particular alien species should be periodically reviewed with respect to distinguished groups of synanthropic plants. The need for review can be supported by many examples of species classified only two decades ago as ephemeral and currently belonging to established elements of the local floras of some regions. Introduction of the EU Strategy on Invasive Alien Species will require compiling different lists of alien plants according to their impact on the environment, the economy or health. Papers published recently in Poland will help elaborate so-called white, black and gray lists of alien plants, but some activities aimed at implementing monitoring of invasive species should be undertaken, as should the elaboration of legal solutions.
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