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This paper discusses transfer cell wall deposition and architecture in various trap hairs of the carnivorous plant Utricularia intermedia. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the middle cells of both internal hairs and pavement epithelium hairs have reticulate-type wall ingrowths. The wall ingrowths of the middle cell of both quadrifids and bifids are very well developed. However, in middle cells of pavement epithelium hairs the level of development of wall ingrowths is not uniform. The presence of ruptured cuticles and wall ingrowths in these hairs suggests that water is transported by the pavement epithelium hairs from the trap to the external environment.
Sodium hypochlorite-digested material and scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of wall ingrowths in pavement epithelium hairs of Utricularia species from the primitive section Pleiochasia (U. volubilis) and the advanced section Utricularia (U. stygia, U. intermedia). Wall ingrowths were reticulate-type in all examined species. Wall ingrowth development started with the formation of small papillae, which later lengthened and eventually fused and branched, forming a network. The sequence of wall deposition in plant hairs is given for the first time with SEM. The wall labyrinth in transfer cells of pavement epithelium hairs was found to be far from static. Different stages of wall ingrowth development were observed within the same cell.
In this study we test three hypotheses. (1) Secretory hairs in the arms and the distal part of the neck of the carnivorous plant Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae) have a different principal function than the digestive hairs in the digestive chamber, that is, prey attraction. (2) Only bacteria and other organisms inside the trap and on the external trap surface lure prey. (3) Substances produced by the plant have a minor influence on prey attraction; more important is trap shape and morphology, because protozoa and microfauna may move to the small interspaces (traps or capillaries) by accidental, nonspecific wandering. We studied the structure of secretory hairs (glands) in the arms and the distal and proximal parts of the trap neck using light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. We tested the hypotheses with several experiments using sterile Genlisea traps as well as glass tubes acting as a Genlisea trap model, and various organisms as prey (Blepharisma sp., Paramecium bursaria, Euglena sp.). Hairs in the arms and the distal part of the Genlisea trap neck represent polysaccharide-protein-secreting hairs. Prey still moved to cleaned traps without chemical attractants. In the proximal part of the neck the secretory hairs have the same ultrastructure as digestive hairs in the digestive chamber of Genlisea. Sterile traps do not need commensals for catching prey. The results of the behavioral experiments reported here support the hypothesis that prey can move to the traps or capillaries by accidental, nonspecific wandering to small objects filled with water. Thus, the complex structure of the Genlisea trap with long arms may help catch prey simply by providing a large surface with many small openings which mimic the interspaces between soil particles, and the plant does not need special mediators for prey attraction.
The term "seed pedestal" was introduced recently to describe a structure of placental origin connecting a seed with the placenta. Seed pedestals are widespread in Scrophulariaceae and a few adjacent families, but have not been found in Lentibulariaceae so far. Here their presence is reported for Utricularia reniformis from Brazil, and their formation during seed development is described. We observed that the formation of this structure was strictly associated with seed development; seed pedestals were not formed under aborted (unfertilized) ovules
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In carnivorous plants, two types of nectaries occur: extra- floral nectaries, generally associated with prey luring, and floral ones associated with pollination. Nectar produced by extra-floral nectaries not only attracts prey but may also be involved in trapping prey and plays a role in myrmecophily. The diversity of nectary structure in carnivorous plants reflects complicated evolutionary routes in this unique ecological group.
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Algae commensal community in Genlisea traps

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The community of algae occurring in Genlisea traps and on the external traps surface in laboratory conditions were studied. A total of 29 taxa were found inside the traps, with abundant diatoms, green algae (Chlamydophyceae) and four morphotypes of chrysophytes stomatocysts. One morphotype is described as new for science. There are two ways of algae getting into Genlisea traps. The majority of those recorded inside the traps, are mobile; swimming freely by flagella or moving exuding mucilage like diatoms being ablate to colonize the traps themselves. Another possibility is transport of algae by invertebrates such as mites and crustaceans. In any case algae in the Genlisea traps come from the surrounding environment. Two dominant groups of algae (Chladymonas div. and diatoms) in the trap environment, show ability to hydrolyze phosphomonoseters. We suggest that algae in carnivorous plant traps can compete with plant (host) for organic phosphate (phosphomonoseters). From the spectrum and ecological requirements of algal species found in the traps, environment inside the traps seems to be acidic. However, further studies are needed to test the relations between algae and carnivorous plants both in laboratory conditions and in the natural environment. All the reported taxa are described briefly and documented with 74 LM and SEM micrographs.
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