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Conserving patterns of genetic diversity in endangered mammals by captive breeding

100%

Schreiber A., Kolter L., Kaumanns W.

Acta Theriologica. Supplement

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1993

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tom 38

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nr 2

Breeding endangered mammals for their conservation requires knowledge about the genetic architecture of the respective species. In taxa with tight genetic cohesion between populations, the definition of management units for captive breeding rarely poses problems, except if there are morphologically well differentiated subspecies grading into one another although they are hardly separate at the molecular level. Species with genetic diversity predominantly between populations can pose serious problems for breeders. Examples are discussed of mammalian species with complex genetic architectures, where decisions have to be drawn whether to select only certain populations for conservation, or to create an artificial taxon. Research into subspecific molecular taxonomy of rare zoo-living wildlife is frequently hampered by small sample sizes available for study, with the risk of spurious molecular taxonomie distances based on marker allele frequencies in populations influenced by genetic drift. "Typological" approaches are suggested for molecular systematics of such study material, with the haplotype organization of polymorphic MHC genes appearing particularly promising. Additional molecular approaches, not easily susceptible to sample size problems, are shortly presented. The implementation of breeding plans to achieve conservation genetic goals may interfere with the social structures of the animals. This group of problems includes the transfer of socially compatible individuals to form new groups, and the provision of suitable sexual partners for mate choice mechanisms to act in their species-specific manner. A survey of scientific research in European zoos is provided to recognize what is being done to fight the current ignorance about basic aspects of the conservation biology of many endangered mammals.

2

Avian tuberculosis in a captive cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)

86%

Krajewska M., Czujkowska A., Weiner M., Lipiec M., Szulowski K.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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2015

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tom 59

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nr 4

The paper describes avian tuberculosis in a captive bred cassowary. A two-and-a-half-year-old bird was obtained by a Polish zoo in 2010 from the Netherlands under conditions compliant with the recommendations of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. Despite being of small size for the age, the bird appeared healthy and showed no signs of the disease until the day when it was found recumbent in its pen. Later on it was euthanised due to lack of treatment possibilities. Pathological changes typical of avian tuberculosis were found in the liver and spleen. Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium was cultured from both organs.

3

Inbreeding and offspring sex ratio in the pygmy hippopotamus (Cheoropsis liberiensis) population kept in zoological gardens

72%

Graczyk M., Cwiertnia P., Borowska A., Barczak E., Szwaczkowski T.

Folia Biologica

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2015

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tom 63

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nr 1

4

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Twenty years of the European bison Lowland line Bison bonasus bonasus conservation in captivity

72%

Sobieraj A., Olech W.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Animal Science

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2018

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tom 57[2]

Twenty years of the Lowland European bison Bison bonasus bonasus conservation in captivity. The aim of the work was to track back changes taking place in the Lowland European bison population kept in captivity in years 1995-2015. The material for the study was data from European Bison Pedigree Book, collected from the years 1924-2015. The parameters such as inbreeding coefficient, kinship coefficient, contribution of founder genes and completeness of pedigree information were analyzed as well as the demographic structure of the population. Over the past 20 years, a steady increase in the population size has been observed. The share of different countries in Lowland wisent breeding also changed. The study showed that the accuracy of pedigree information decreased significantly between 1995 and 2015. In 1995 169 from 342 animals living in captivity had full pedigree information. In 2005 it was 76 from 320 animals. Within the population being alive in 2015, only 62 form 577 (10%) of all animals from Lowland line have full pedigree information, that leads to the founders of the population. An increase in the average values of inbreeding coefficient in the population and mean kinship was also observed.

5

Tuskless bulls in Asian elephant Elephas maximus. History and population genetics of a man-made phenomenon

72%

Kurt F., Hartl G. B., Tiedemann R.

Acta Theriologica. Supplement

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1995

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nr 03

In Asian elephant Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 tuskless bulls or maknas are generally rare. Only in Sri Lanka 93% of subadult and adult bulls have been reported to be maknas. Using historical records and computer simulations we demonstrate that this situation is man-made. The following mechanisms were identified to be associated with a loss of tuskers: (1) When using elephants, man has always preferred tuskers. (2) Selective hunting and capturing frequently led to a decrease of tuskers in wildliving populations. (3) The impact of selective hunting and capturing was highest in isolated populations, such as Sri Lanka. (4) Selective removal of tuskers for protecting a maximum wild-living male population resulted in an increase of maknas. The rate of increase in the frequencies of maknas in particular populations with known history could be best explained by a dominant mode of inheritance of tusks in combination with a slight advantage of tuskers in reproduction. For the mainland populations it can be predicted that even in those where tuskers are already largely lacking the allele responsible for the expression of tusks should often be sufficiently abundant to allow the recovery of tusk bearing males.

6

Selected elements of capercaillies [Tetrao urogallus L.] during reproduction in a captive breeding

72%

Dziedzic R., Flis M., Wojcik M., Beeger S.

Acta Agrophysica

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2006

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tom 07

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nr 2[133]

7

Nutrient content of feed and levels of some biochemical parameters and macroelements in the blood serum and hair coat of the European bison from captive and free-ranging herds in the Bialowieza Forest

58%

Debska M., Dymnicka M., Olech W., Arkuszewska E.

Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. Supplement

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2006

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tom 03

607-614

8

Comparative behaviour analysis of some colubrids with reference to suitability of captive bred snakes for reintroduction to natural habitat

58%

Zyczynski A., Nowak Z.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Animal Science

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2013

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tom 52

A sample of newly hatched American colubrids, divided according to their level of domestication, understood herewith as the generation history in captivity, was tested in an open field test (OFT) for degree of activity and confidence in open terrain and in confrontation with individuals of such species as Pantherophis guttatus and Lampropeltis getula splendida as well as L. g. californiae, in order to compare their antagonistic and feeding behaviour reactions. The cluster comparison of defence reactions revealed no effect of domestication (many generation in captivity) in the face of potential danger. Even albino phase Kingsnakes, considered to be the form of this species most affected by captivity (altered genome), maintained their natural feeding response. The degree of activity in OFT conditions was seen to decrease with the snakes' age. Thus it was demonstrated that captive specimens bred in terrariums may be considered a gene bank for ex situ conservation strategy. However it is recommended that specimens as young as possible should be used in reintroduction to natural habitat, as these will respond most faithfully to the pressure of natural selection, based on their behavioural variation not supressed by apathy caused by captivity.

Ograniczanie wyników

Conserving patterns of genetic diversity in endangered mammals by captive breeding

Avian tuberculosis in a captive cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)

Inbreeding and offspring sex ratio in the pygmy hippopotamus (Cheoropsis liberiensis) population kept in zoological gardens

Twenty years of the European bison Lowland line Bison bonasus bonasus conservation in captivity

Tuskless bulls in Asian elephant Elephas maximus. History and population genetics of a man-made phenomenon

Selected elements of capercaillies [Tetrao urogallus L.] during reproduction in a captive breeding

Nutrient content of feed and levels of some biochemical parameters and macroelements in the blood serum and hair coat of the European bison from captive and free-ranging herds in the Bialowieza Forest

Comparative behaviour analysis of some colubrids with reference to suitability of captive bred snakes for reintroduction to natural habitat