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The experience of flooding from 2010 in the Commune of Spytkowice showed a dire need to define the factors behind the floods repeating every year in the region and to propose the best solutions for eliminating or limiting damage in the risk area. On account of the catchment’s location in mountainous area, the main intention was to propose actions that would mainly increase the catchment retention capacity in the upper reach of the Skawa river and its tributary, Pożoga. By slowing down the flow, these actions may considerably contribute to the protection of the most flood-sensitive areas located in the lower part of the catchment. Two solutions have been proposed based on the idea of building dry water reservoirs and providing the possibility to resettle inhabitants from the flooded area. The choice of the best solution for the Commune of Spytkowice depends on the topography of the valleys of rivers Skawa and Pożoga, as well as the financial situation concerning the project.
Systemic vulnerability is an internal and essential factor that influences environmental sustainable development capability. Optimizing adjustments on systemic vulnerability significantly contributes to improved function, decreased disturbance, and guaranteed scientific evolution of environmental sustainable development capability. The connotation of systemic vulnerability of environmental sustainable development capability is defined and demonstrated. Measuring indexes, which reflect three aspects such as economic, ecological, and social subsystems, are established. With the application of the entropy-topsis model, statistical data from 1993 to 2012 in China are collected to carry out empirical research. The measuring values on systemic vulnerability are significantly below the standard values. On the basis of further analysis, adjustment strategy can be constituted for decreasing systemic vulnerability and improving environmentally sustainable development capability.
The work involved assessment of the Myzus persicae (Sulz.) capability to infect successively potato plants with PVY and PVM after a Sunspray 850 EC mineral oil application. The tests were carried out in the greenhouse, with 4-week-old, healthy potato plants possessing low ressistance to viruses, derived from in vitro (test plants). Any time, for each combination and each virus, 10 successive plants were inoculated in 6 repetitions. Virus sources were potato plants infected with PVY or PVM, kept in isolated rooms. As a result of oil application, feeding of the M. persicae specimens on plants previously treated with this oil was delayed. The highest reduction as regards PVY and PVM transmission by M. persicae was obtained in the treatment where both plants constituting virus sources and test plants were protected, because only two of ten plants were infected with PVY, and only one with PVM. Mineral oil application only on potato test plants (healthy ones) reduced to a small degree M. persicae capability to transmit PVY to six successive plants (to seven in control), whereas it was much higher for PVM - to three (to six in control). In the case when only plants constituting virus sources were oil-protected, aphid's capability to transmit PVY was limited only to four plants, and PVM - to two. These results seem to confirm much more the hypothesis that mineral oil inactivates virus particles in the stylets of aphids while they attempt to acquire it from plants which have been previously protected with mineral oil.
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