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Myocytes were enzymatically isolated from large epicardial arteries of the pig. In the cell attached configuration, we studied currents through L-type Ca-channels. At 22°C, open channel conductance was 9 pS with 110 mM Ba²⁺ and 24 pS with 110 mM Ba²⁺ as charge carrier. According to the life time of the open state, 2 ’modes’ of gating are distinguished; mode 1 contributed time constants shorter than 1 ms, mode 2 those longer than 6 ms to the open time distribution. Mode 2 openings appeared spontaneously, more frequently with Ba²⁺ than with Ca²⁺ as charge carrier. The Ca-agonist Bay K 8644 (0.5 pM) facilitated the appearance of mode 2. Bath application of the phenylalkylamine D600 (1 µM) did not change the gating modes, but it reduced the channel openness by increasing the percentage of blank records. With whole cell recordings, we studied reduction of Ica by 1 µM D 600 at 3.6 mM [Ca²⁺] and 35°C. At a holding potential of -45 mV, D600 induced an ’initial block’ of 35% (10% at -65 mV). Upon repetitive 1 Hz pulsing (170 ms to 0 mV) an additional, ’use-dependent’ block developed with time. More negative holding potentials attenuated reduction of Ica by D600, hyperpolarizations to -100 mV had an ’unblocking’ effect. In regard to reduction of Ica, we compared the partially uncharged D 600 (membrane permeable) with the completely charged compound D890 (membrane impermeable). When applied with the bath, 1 or 10 pM D 600 reduced Ica dose-dependently whereas D 890 was ineffective. When D890 was applied via the patch electrode to the cytosol, it reduced Ica. We discuss that D 600 enters the cell in the uncharged lipid soluble form and reaches form the inside its receptor associated with the Ca-channel.
The effects of various concentrations of thapsigargin, a specific inhibitor of Ca2+ -ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, on calcium homeostasis in lymphoidal T cells (Jurkat) were investigated. Preincubation of these cells suspended in nominally calcium-free medium with 0.1 UM thapsigargin resulted in a complete release of Ca2+ from intracellular calcium stores. When the medium was supplemented with 3 mM CaCl2 the cells maintained constantly elevated level of cytosolic Ca2+ . However, tha­psigargin applied at lower concentration produced only a partial depletion of the stores. For example, in the cells pretreated with 1 nM thapsigargin and suspended in calcium-free medium approximately 75% of the calcium content was released from the intracellular stores. The addition of 3 mM CaCl2 to such cell suspension led to a transient increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, followed by a return to a lower steady-state. This phenomenon, related to the refilling of the ER by Ca2+ , allowed to estimate the half-time for the process of cell recovery after activation of store-operated calcium channels. By this ap­proach we have found that carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, which has been documented to inhibit calcium entry into Jurkat cells, does not influence the stability of the intracellular signal involved in the activation of store-operated calcium channels.
A dihydropyridine-sensitive gastric mucosal calcium channels were isolated from the solubilized epithelial cell membranes by affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin. The channels following labeling the calcium antagonist receptor site with [³H]PN200-100 were reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles which exhibited active ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake as evidenced by La³⁺ displacement assays. The uptake of calcium was independent of sodium and potassium gradients indicating the electroneutral nature of the process. The channels responded in a dose dependent manner to dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, PN200-110, which at 0.5/zm exerted maximal inhibitory affect of 66% on ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake, while a 52% enhacement in ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake occurred with a specific calcium channel activator, BAY K8644. On platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) binding in the presence of ATP, channel protein showed an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of 55 and 170 kDa calcium channel proteins. Such phosphorylated channels following reconstitution into vesicles displayed a 78% greater ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake. The results demonstrate the importance of PDGF in the regulation of gastric mucosal calcium uptake.
We have investigated whether tyrosine kinases modify the activity of voltage-dependent Ba2+ currents (IBa) recorded from guinea-pig gastric myocytes by use of patch-clamp techniques. All experiments were carried on single smooth muscle cells, dispersed from the circular layer of the guinea-pig gastric antrum. Genistein (10 µM), a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, reduced the peak amplitude of IBa in a voltage- and concentration-dependent manner. Daidzein (30 µM), an inactive analog of genistein, also inhibited IBa in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, other types of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (lavendustin A and tyrphostin 23) suppressed the peak amplitude of IBa in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that tyrosine kinases may be essential to regulate Ca2+ mobilization through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in gastric myocytes.
Vicia faba plants were grown under drought conditions and variously supplemented with calcium. Drought stress markedly inhibited the growth of Vicia faba plants. Ca²⁺ ameliorated to a large extent this inhibition; fresh weight, dry mass, chlorophyll and water contents were variably improved. Membranes were, also, negatively affected by drought stress and percentage leakage was elevated. Concomitantly, the efflux of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was enhanced by drought but lowered by supplemental Ca²⁺. In addition, membranes of droughted plants were sensitive to the Ca²⁺ channel blockers lanthanum, nifedipine or verapamil more than those of control plants. These blockers significantly increased the efflux of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ as well as percentage leakage particularly in those of droughted plants. The above results indicated that the functioning of the calcium channels was negatively affected when Vicia faba was grown under drought conditions. However, much of the drought-induced disorders including sensitivity towards the applied calcium channel blockers could be ameliorated by supplemental Ca²⁺.
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Spontaneous calcium oscillations in urinary bladder smooth muscle cells

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Although spontaneous phasic activity of detrusor muscle plays an important role in urinary bladder function there is little information regarding myogenic [Ca2+]i signals in this tissue. We have studied spontaneous, unstimulated [Ca2+]i signals in fura-2 loaded detrusor cells isolated from newborn (10-13 days old) guinea-pig urinary bladder. In newborn guinea pigs 35% of studied muscle cells displayed spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations with several kinetic patterns (from irregular to highly paced cycles). The oscillations were inhibited by external Ca2+ removal, treatment with L- and T-type Ca2+ channel blockers and by the hyperpolarizing drug pinacidil. Ca2+ stores were necessary to maintain oscillations, as indicated by the inhibitory effects of thapsigargin, ryanodine and 2-APB. Oscillations were also inhibited by folimycin, an inhibitor of acidic Ca2+ stores. Treatment with the selective inhibitors iberiotoxin and NPPB indicated that the oscillatory signal is also modulated by Ca2+ -activated K+ channels (inhibitory) and Ca2+ -activated Cl- channels (stimulatory). Our results indicate that detrusor cells from newborn guinea-pigs develop spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations due to Ca2+ influx through T- and L-type Ca2+ channels modulated by intracellular stores, including acidic pools. This activity could underlie the myogenic activity of urinary bladder during early stages of development.
In this review the molecular characteristics and reaction mechanisms of different Ca2+ transport systems associated with various membranes in muscle cells will be summarized. The following topics will be discussed in detail: a brief history of early observations concerning maintenance and regulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, characterization of the Ca2+ pumps residing in plasma membranes and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport, Ca2+ -binding proteins, coordinated expression of Ca2+ transport systems, a general background of muscle excitation-contraction coupling with emphasis to the calcium release channels of plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum, the structure and function of dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors of skeletal and cardiac muscles, and finally their disposition in various types of muscles.
The latest developed classes of synthetic insecticides – phthalic acid diamides and antranilic diamides, acting as ryanodine receptor modulators, are discussed. The mode of their activity, the insecticidal properties and characteristics of their representatives is reviewed.
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