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Hookworms are blood feeding intestinal nematodes that infect more than 500 million people and cause iron deficiency anemia. Infected children suffer from physical and cognitive growth retardation. Because of potential anthelminthic drug resistance, the need for vaccine development is urgent. Numerous antigens have been tested in animal models as vaccines against hookworm infection, but there is no effective human vaccine. We cloned a cDNA encoding Ancylostoma ceylanicum metalloprotease 6 (Acemep-6). Ace-MEP-6 is a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 101.87 kDa and based on computational analysis it is very likely to be engaged in food processing via hemoglobin digestion. Groups of hamsters were immunized with an Ace-mep-6 cDNA vaccine, either once or three times. Animals that were administered one dose developed high resistance (80%, p < 0.01) against challenge infection, whereas triple immunization resulted in no worm burden reduction. These results suggest that DNA vaccines can be powerful tools in ancylostomiasis control, although the mechanisms through which protection is conferred remain unclear.
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the key enzymes of the plant antioxidant system playing, along with catalase, a central role in hydrogen per oxidescavenging. An approach to further in crease the knowledge about cytosolic APX gene organization can be achieved by isolating and characterisating new cDNAs, thus providing new in sights about the physiological roles and regula tion of these enzymes. A partial cDNA clone (corresponding to the 3’ untranslated region), cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase-re lated, was isolated from potato sprouts by RT-PCR. Data base analysis re trieved several expressed sequence tags (ESTs) coding potato cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, that were used to infer the complete cDNA sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed high homologies with other plant cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases, con firming the reliability of the vir tual cDNA. Northern blot analysis revealed the existence of a single band related to the isolated cDNA and the southern blotting results al lowed the elaboration of a possible gene organization.
Ancylostoma ceylanicum belongs to a group of soil-transmitted helminths, which infect almost 576 mln people worldwide and are a major cause of anaemia and malnutrition. Upon contact with a permissive host, third-stage larvae (L3) residing in the environment become activated larvae (ssL3), a process associated with changes in the profile of gene expression. Ancylostoma secreted proteins (ASPs) are the major proteins secreted during larvae activation and play a crucial role in hookworm adaptation to parasitism. Here we report the cloning using RACE-PCR technique of three novel ASPs from the hookworm A. ceylanicum (Ace-asp-3, Ace-asp-4, and Ace-asp-5) and computational analysis of the protein sequences. All three proteins contain SCP (Sperm Coating Protein) domain characteristic for previously described ASP proteins. Real-time PCR analysis shows significant up-regulation of Ace-asp-3 and Ace-asp-5 expression in adult worms and correlated down-regulation in ssL3 larvae. On the other hand, expression of Ace-asp-4 was increased in ssL3 stages and decreased in adult parasites.
Three overlapping clones of cDNA, Mos43, Mos28 and Mos60, coding for methionyl-tRNA synthetase were obtained by screening the Oryza sativa λgt11 library. Their nucleotide sequence of 2850 bp was determined. The deduced amino-acid sequence of the isolated clones contains a HLGN and KFSKS motifs, which are conserved for this family of enzymes and have been proposed to be the signature sequences for class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. A comparison of the rice MetRS primary structure with those deposited in EMBL/GenBank points to its high homology to yeast, human and Caenorhabditis elegans MetRSs. Interestingly, a great similarity of its C terminus to endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAPII) and yeast protein G4p1 was observed.
Experimental data obtained so far suggest that an efficacious anti-parasitic vaccine must either be completely effective against infective stage of a parasite or it must induce multi-stage, multi-immune response. Recently developed technology of DNA vaccination appears to offer the best prospect for the development of multivalent vaccines that will effectively activate both the humoral and cell mediated mechanisms of the immune system. The strength of the genetic vaccination lays in the continuous expression of the immunogen in the vaccinated organisms. From the evidences gathered so far it appears that the type of immune response elicited by DNA vaccination depends very much on the antigen used and on the way of the vaccine delivery. This paper presents advantages and disadvantages of vaccinating host organism with cDNA encoding for various microbial and parasitic antigens.
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