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The effects of microwave radiation on viability of fungal and actinomycetal spores growing on agar (medium optimal for growth) as well as on wooden panel and drywall (common building construction/fi nishing materials) were studied. All materials were incubated at high (97-99%) and low (32-33%) relative humidity to mimic “wet” and “dry” environmental conditions. Two microwave power densities (10 and 60 mW/cm2) and three times of exposure (5, 30, and 60 min) were tested to fi nd the most effective parameters of radiation which could be applied to non-invasive reduction or cleaning of building materials from microbial contaminants. Additionally, a control of the surface temperature during the experiments allowed differentiation between thermal and microwave effect of such radiation. The results showed that the viability of studied microorganisms differed depending on their strains, growth conditions, power density of microwave radiation, time of exposure, and varied according to the applied combination of the two latter elements. The effect of radiation resulting in a decrease of spore viability on “wet” wooden panel and drywall was generally observed at 60 min exposure. Shorter exposure times decreased the viability of fungal spores only, while in actinomycetes colonizing the studied building materials, such radiation caused an opposite (supporting growth) effect.
This paper includes the results of measurements of natural radioactivity in building materials and raw building materials. The dose rate indoors was calculated on the basis of the contents of K-40, Ra-226 and Th-232 in building materials and the results were compared with literature data of measurements (in situ). The standard procedure for qualifying building materials for building houses designed for habitation was used.
The self-compacting concrete proved to be the most revolutionary achievement of the engineering in the last 25 years. Its numerous advantages encourage an expanding research of this composite. One of the aspects of the research is its properties modification by an addition of fibres as a dispersed reinforcement. In the technology of the self-compacting concrete this problem is still not suffi ciently solved. The technology of the self-compacting concrete is a diffi cult subject due to a large "sensitivity" of the composite on any qualitative and quantitative variation of mix components. An increase of a fibre content in a volume of the self-compacting concrete enhances properties of a hardened composite and on the other hand deteriorates its properties during the forming stage. The paper presents results of experiments on an influence of polypropylene fibres on selected properties of the self-compacting concrete. It is concluded, that a small addition of the fibres does not evoke any change in rheological properties of the concrete mix. Only a small disturbation of self-deaeration was observed leading to a small increase of concrete porosity and water absorption. The fibres decreased the concrete shrinkage, increased water tightness and did not cause any decrease of compressive strength.
The article presents a new tool for modeling parts produced by rapid prototyping (RP) technologies that has great potential for building structures with programmable properties, especially for items related to the energy dissipation during deformation. Using a wide variety of building materials and controllable part growing is the most important benefit for industry implementation of RP technology. Mass deployment is also hampered by the high price of equipment and materials for the technology.
Durability of engineering structures depends on the structure itself and environmental conditions. Aggressive substances can penetrate concrete matrix causing chemical degradation of material skeleton. At the same time the material is exposed to mechanical exertion which contributes to additional deterioration. This work attempts to analyze chemo-mechanical degradation of concrete from phenomenological point of view using numerical simulation. Diffusion of corrosive species was determined through local diffusion parameters and balance equations with sources and outfl ows prescribed by stoichiometry of chemical equations and reaction extent constant. Degradation of concrete was described with use of an additive scalar damage parameter adopting adequate evolution equations. The cellular automata method used is shown to be an effective calculation method. Contour lines of species concentration and partial damage parameter values were obtained using numerical simulation of the processes in 2D space. As expected, progressive degradation of concrete decreased bearing capacity of the RC section. Numerical simulation of residual cross-section strength was obtained by use of short-time destructive loading tests.
This paper presents the results of measurements of natural radioactivity of K-40, Ra-226 and Th-232 in building material as well as radon concentrations and dose rates in houses and outdoors. The mean absorbed rate in air outdoors from natural gamma radiation was found to be 40.2 nGyh'1. Doses inside houses made from particular materials were (nGyh '): brick - 102, prefabricate - 89, wood - 88. The mean equivalent concentration of radon indoors was 12 Bqm-3. The calculated annual effective dose equivalent per one statistical inhabitant of "Poland Green Lungs" is 1.61 mSv/year. The doses absorbed by the population in the northeastern region of Poland from natural sources of ionizing radiation are lower than the population-weighted world averages.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości (konsystencji, gęstości, wytrzymałości na ściskanie, zginanie oraz rozciąganie przy rozłupywaniu) betonów zwykłych oraz betonów zawierających w swoim składzie włókna stalowe i popioły lotne. Do wykonania betonu wykorzystano cementy CEM I o klasie wytrzymałości 32,5R, 42,5R, 52,5R. Dla każdego rodzaju cementu wykonano beton z włóknami stalowymi w ilości 0,7% oraz włóknami stalowymi w ilości 0,7% i popiołem lotnym w ilości 5% masy cementu. Po wykonaniu badań stwierdzono, że dodanie włókien stalowych i popiołu lotnego poprawia właściwości na zginanie i rozciąganie przy rozłupywaniu, wytrzymałość na ściskanie ulega pod ich wpływem spadkowi.
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