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Fluid and particle retention times in the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis, a large hindgut-fermenting browser

100%

Clauss M., Froeschle T., Castell J., Hatt J. M., Ortmann S., Streich W. J., Hummel J.

Acta Theriologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 3

The mean retention time (MRT) of ingesta in the gastrointestinal tract is one of the major determinants of herbivore digestive physiology. We examined MRTs of fluids and particles in the gastrointestinal tract of six adult captive black rhinocerosesDiceros bicornis on conventional zoo diets. Fluid MRT ranged from 25–45 h and averaged 31 h. Particle MRT ranged from 28–59 h and averaged 38 h. In the six animals, both fluid and particle MRT declined as relative dry matter intake (g/kg metabolic body mass) increased. Black rhinoceroses, which are large hindgut-fermenting browsers, retained ingesta for a shorter period relative to their body size than grazing equids or grazing rhinoceros species. Our findings support the hypothesis that browsing hindgut fermenters have relatively shorter MRTs than grazing hindgut fermenters.

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Differences in the range of faecal dry matter content between feeding types of captive wild ruminants

84%

Clauss M., Lechner-Doll M., Streich W. J.

Acta Theriologica

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2004

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tom 49

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nr 2

The dry matter content of 245 faecal samples of 81 species of captive wild ruminants was investigated. Samples were taken from 10 different zoos from temperate climate during the winter months. All animals had ad libitum access to drinking water. Species were classified as frugivores (FR, n = 5), browsers (BR, n = 16), intermediate feeders (IM, n = 35), and grazers (GR, n = 25). While no difference was observed in the average faecal dry matter content between the feeding types, the range of dry matter contents increased continually from FR, BR, IM to GR, ie both the driest and the wettest faeces of this study were produced by grazing ruminants. As it has been shown that faecal dry matter content is a function of the length of the colon descendens of a ruminant species, these results can be interpreted as an indication of a relatively limited variation in anatomical design in this respect in the evolutionary older FR and BR, and a relatively larger variation in anatomical design - and probably niche adaptation - in IM and GR. This corresponds to the greater range of habitat niches that IM and ÔR manage to occupy. Due to this increased variation in the anatomical design of the lower hindgut, GR are regarded as "morphophysiologically progressive ruminants", in contrast to BR which are regarded as "morphophysiologically conservative ruminants".

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Presence of the Asian horse Sinohippus in the Miocene of Europe

67%

Salesa M. J., Sanchez I. M., Morales J.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2004

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tom 49

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nr 2

The Anchitheriinae are a group of browsing horses with a widespread distribution throughout the Miocene. The subfamily includes the genera Hypohippus, Megahippus, Kalobatippus, Anchitherium, and Sinohippus. In the present paper we compare the remains of a giant anchitherine from the Spanish site of Nombrevilla−1, “Anchitherium” sampelayoi, with other species of Anchitherium from Europe, the North American genera Megahippus and Hypohippus, and the Asian genus Sinohippus. These comparisons allow us to suggest the inclusion of this large Spanish browsing horse in the Asian genus Sinohippus, rather than in Anchitherium. This proposal is made on the basis of some morphological traits from the upper cheek teeth of the Nombrevilla−1 fossils, and their large size, which clearly is outside the range of all other known European Anchitherium.

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Seasonal faecal excretion, gut fill, liquid and particle marker retention in mouflon Ovis ammon musimon, and a comparison with roe deer Capreolus capreolus

67%

Behrend A., Lechner-Doll M., Streich W. J., Clauss M.

Acta Theriologica

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2004

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tom 49

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nr 4

Five mouflon [average body mass (BM) 33 kg] and two roe deer (average BM 20 kg) with rumen cannulas were kept in large enclosures under semi-natural conditions and were used for seasonal studies on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) indigestible fill and digesta passage kinetics. As the mouflon were not fully mature, both species had similar digesta volumes in the reticulorumen (RR; mouflon 5.5 ± 1.8% of BM; roe deer 5.4 ± 1.5% of BM); however, the mouflon had lower RR liquid flow rates (15.1 ± 4.3 ml h−1 kg−0.75) than the roe deer (19.2 ± 0.2 ml h−1 kg−0.75), and particle retention in the RR accounted for 68 ± 3% of total GIT retention in the mouflon versus 55 ± 6% in the roe deer. Annual average total GIT retention times for liquids and particles were longer in the mouflon (23.4 ± 0.9 h and 37.9 ± 4.0 h) than in the roe deer (18.4 ± 1.7 h and 22.4 ± 1.9 h). Similarly, annual average RR retention times for liquids and particles were longer in the mouflon (11.9 ± 0.9 h and 25.8 ± 3.3 h) than in the roe deer (8.1 ± 1.7 h and 12.5 ± 2.3 h). The factor of selective particle retention in the RR (retention of particles/retention of liquid) was 2.10 ± 0.09 in the mouflon versus 1.54 ± 0.01 in the roe deer. These observations are in accord with differences in digesta passage characteristics postulated between browsing and grazing ruminants. Total GIT indigestible fill was lower in the mouflon than in the roe deer (10.7 ± 2.1 g kg−1 and 13.3 ± 1.0 g kg−1).

Ograniczanie wyników

3 Acta Theriologica

1 Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

3 Clauss M.

3 Streich W. J.

2 Lechner-Doll M.

1 Behrend A.

1 Castell J.

1 Froeschle T.

1 Hatt J. M.

1 Hummel J.

1 Morales J.

1 Ortmann S.

1 Salesa M. J.

1 Sanchez I. M.

1 2005

3 2004

Fluid and particle retention times in the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis, a large hindgut-fermenting browser

Differences in the range of faecal dry matter content between feeding types of captive wild ruminants

Presence of the Asian horse Sinohippus in the Miocene of Europe

Seasonal faecal excretion, gut fill, liquid and particle marker retention in mouflon Ovis ammon musimon, and a comparison with roe deer Capreolus capreolus