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Concentration of endothelin in plasma and BAL fluid from asthmatic patients

84%
The bronchoconstrictive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been demonstrated in the airway epithelial and endothelial cells. In this study we investigated the pathophysiological significance of endothelin-1 in asthma. We addressed the issue by assessing the concentration of ET-1 in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in patients with a different intensity of asthma. Twenty one asthmatic patients (11 men,10 women) and 6 healthy control subjects (C) were included in the study. Eleven asthmatic patients were classified as moderate persistent asthma (SA), all of them were atopic, and another 10 were mild persistent asthmatics (AA). Lung function tests were carried out in all patients investigated. The ET-1 concentration was determined by an ELISA method in plasma and BALF. We found that the SA patients haed the highest level of ET-1 (SA - 11.4 ±3.6 fmol/ml; AA - 7.1 ±2.7 fmol/ml; C - 5.6 ±1.8 fmol/ml) in BALF. The same concerned the ET-1 level in plasma (SA - 27.8 ±3.8 fmol/ml; AA - 18.1 ±4.3 fmol/ml; C - 17.3 ±3.0 fmol/ml). A positive correlation between the plasma ET-1 level and lung function indices was observed. We conclude that the higher levels of ET-1 in more severe asthma suggest that endothelins may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease, its severity, and the regulation of bronchial tone.
6
84%
Induced sputum represents a useful and non-invasive tool to isolate different cells from the airways. Complete homogenization of sputum is important for dispersion of cells and is usually achieved by use of dithiothreitol (DTT). However, it is not known if DTT will influence the viability and functionality of cells obtained by induced sputum. In the present study, induced sputum was processed by DTT or by PBS treatment. The obtained neutrophils were compared with neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood and from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). These isolated neutrophils were treated in a similar way as the sputum neutrophils with DTT or PBS. All isolated cells were used for chemiluminescence tests and for the measurement of elastase and myeloperoxidase release after stimulation with fMLP. The results showed that the maximum chemiluminescence response was always significantly lower after DTT treatment: blood, 16.68 ±1.89 vs. 2.62 ±0.43 mV, P<0.0001; sputum, 2.96 ±0.30 vs. 1.09 ±0.01 mV, P<0.01; BAL, 25.47 ±0.88 vs. 8.22±0.20 mV, P<0.0001. Both spontaneous and fMLP-induced release of elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) was in most cases enhanced after DTT-treatment (P-values range from 0.24 to <0.01). We conclude that the use of DTT to homogenize sputum for dispersion of cells is harmful to cell functions and these cells are hampered for the evaluation of their normal functional characteristics.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation of the rate of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) in slaughter pigs with season, climate change and enzootic pneumonia (EP) lesions. We collected 530 slaughter pig lungs with suspected lesions from two slaughterhouses in different seasons and weather conditions from November 2014 to March 2017 in Changsha Hunan Province, China. The EP lesions of these lungs were quantified, and a PCR analysis was used to detect M. hyo in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Twenty percent, 10%, and 9% of the lung specimens were scored 1-5, 6-10, and ≥ 11, respectively. Additionally, we found that 36% of all BALF samples tested positive for M. hyo. Among the lung specimens collected in winter, 41% scored 1 or more, and 53% tested positive for M. hyo. With respect to seasons, the lung specimens collected in summer showed the least number of EP lesions and the lowest positive testing rate for M. hyo. Of these specimens, 27% scored 1 or more, and 22% tested positive for M. hyo. Additionally, low temperature and fast temperature change (during 10 days before sampling) were associated with a higher rate of M. hyo detection in BALF. There was a positive correlation between the lung EP lesion score and the detection rate of M. hyo in the BALF of slaughter pigs. In conclusion, lung EP lesion scoring in slaughter pigs is of referential value to the evaluation of the dynamics of M. hyo infection in a swine population. It is essential to control the spread of M. hyo by careful management of swine populations, and the prevention and control of M. hyo in fattening pigs is of great significance to the eradication of the disease.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria is a major factor that contributes to multiple organ failure including lung injury. Among LPS-induced metabolites, reactive oxygen species are considered to play a crucial pathogenic role in the lung damage. In this study, the effect of early administration of an antioxidant, a-lipoic acid (LA), on bronchoalveoar lavage fluid (BALF) lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sulphydryl group (-SH) concentration and total protein concentration was evaluated in rats with endotoxic shock induced by administration of LPS (Escherichia coli 026:B6, 30 mg/kg, i.v.). The animals were treated intravenously with normal saline or LA (60 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg i.v.) 30 min after LPS injection. Five hours after LPS or saline administration, the animals were sacrificed and BALF was obtained for measurements. The results showed that the levels of oxidative markers, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and H2O2 were increased significantly in BALF, whereas they were decreased significantly on treatment with LA. The concentrations of -SH groups were significantly increased and total protein concentration was insignificantly decreased in the LPS/LA group. There was no difference in oxidative stress reduction between 60 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses. These results indicate that early administration of lipoic acid provides protective effects against endotoxin-induced oxidative stress in the lung and supports the idea that alpha-lipoic acid is a free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram on pulmonary resistance, influx of inflammatory cells, and histamine concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) during an experimental asthmatic reaction induced in ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized guinea pigs, challenged with OA inhalation. The experiment was performed in three groups of guinea pigs: two experimental groups, pretreated with rolipram or dexamethasone, and a control group without any pretreatment. Lung resistance (LR) was continuously recorded under suppression of spontaneous breathing during early asthmatic reaction. BALF was obtained before and at three time points up to 24 hr after the challenge. In the untreated, control animals a transient, significant increase in neutrophils, total and CD4+ lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and in histamine concentration in BALF was noted. Pretreatment with rolipram significantly reduced LR, eosinophils infiltration, and histamine release into the bronchoalveolar space during the early asthmatic reaction. These effects were generally comparable with those of dexamethasone, except that dexamethasone also reduced the influx of neutrophils into BALF.
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