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RT-PCR in diagnosis of BVDV infection

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RT-PCR was evaluated as a diagnostic tool for BVDY detection. First, five sets of primers were checked for their diagnostic ability to amplify the number of field isolates. Only primers within the 5'UTR region amplified all field isolates as well as all reference laboratory strains. Next, sensitivity of the test was evaluated. This was equal to 1 TCID₅₀ of the virus. lt was concluded that RT-PCR can be used as an alternative diagnostic test for inconclusive results of virus isolation in cell culture especially for the noncytopathic strains. However, high cost of equipment and reagents for the test precludes it as a routine diagnostic method except for research applications.
Forty-five cattle of different ages and gender were selected from three separate farms with a total number of 929 animals. Blood serum samples from each of the animals were tested twice at two-month intervals for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antigen (BVDV Ag) and BVDV antibodies (BVDV Ab) using ELISA. Five animals were found to be BVDV Ag positive and BVDV Ab negative. Therefore, their blood and saliva samples were subjected to further investigation. The samples of blood serum and saliva were additionally screened by a nested reverse transcription PCR (RT-nPCR), real-time PCR, and virus isolation to confirm BVDV persistent infection. Viral RNA was isolated from blood and saliva samples. The cDNA was synthesised and amplification of DNA was performed. The results of RT-nPCR were analysed by gel electrophoresis using ethidium bromide while those of real-time PCR were interpreted according to the amplification curve. Laboratory testing of blood and saliva samples revealed 5 persistently infected (PI) animals from one farm with 579 cattle (0.9% prevalence). The results were confirmed by RT-nPCR and real-time PCR screening samples of blood serum. Using PCR techniques and virus isolation, BVDV RNA was detected; however, the level of viral RNA in saliva was found to be lower than that in blood serum. The results obtained show the possibility to identify PI animals by RT-nPCR and real-time PCR techniques from saliva samples. The collection and testing of saliva is a simple and quick technique, and can be successfully applied in field conditions to identify PI animals, avoiding the risk of intervention while sampling blood or dependence on animal gender and lactation period while sampling milk or semen.
The experiment was performed on 30 cows, including 10 animals infected with the BVD-MD virus. The following parameters were determined: prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations, antithrombin III activity, and blood platelet counts. The obtained results indicated that the BVD-MD virus lowered blood platelet counts and led to dysfunctions in plasma coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. The observed changes in the examined haemostatic indicators suggest that BVD-MD infections could lead to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy that has adverse consequences for the animals' health.
The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus infection on the basis of serological testing of cattle has been evaluated. Blood samples were analyzed in micro-seroneutralization test for the presence of BVD virus neutralizing antibodies against 1000 TCID₅₀ of NADL reference strain. Neutralizing antibodies were found in 83 per cent of animals tested. The percentage of seropositive animals was directly correlated with the age of animals. These results can be linked with the circulation of the virus in the cattle population since vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is limited to a very small scale in Poland.
The aim of the study was the evaluation of DNA vaccine against CSF and the estimation of its safety, protection value and immunogenicity. Piglets were vaccinated with the gene encoding the gp55 glycoprotein of CSFV with signal sequence and without the transmembrane region. For comparison the whole gene of gp55 glycoprotein and the DNA of plasmid vector only were used. For the challenge virulent Washington strain of CSFV was used. Clinical observations, body temperature and the immune response (haematological and FACS analyses, presence of virus-specific antibodies) were monitored. The presence of the virus antigen in blood, nasal swabs and organs of dead animals was checked by virus isolation, antigen ELISA and PCR methods. Only pigs vaccinated with the first construct were protected from the challenge, however, two-day fever > 40°C was registered. In other groups typical clinical and pathological symptoms accompanied by significant leukopenia were evidenced.
In this study, 936 unvaccinated cattle sera were analyzed against five viruses: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), parainfluenzavirus type 3 (PIV-3), bovine adenovirus type 1 (BAdV-1), bovine adenovirus type 2 (BAdV-2) and bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAdV-3), which were caused by respiratory system diseases in cattle. The study used the serum neutralization (SN) test - a conventional method. The seropositive rates for each virus were found to be 20.19%, 41.02%, 23.82%, 21.90% and 8.1%, respectively. Evaluation of the data revealed that 25.64% of the sampled population was seronegative against the investigated viruses, 74.36% were seropositive for one or more of them and 42% of animals were found to be seropositive against any of the investigated viruses. 25.42% of the animals were seropositive against two viral infections whereas 5.23% of the animals were found to be seropositive against three viral infections and 0.1% of the animals were detected to be seropositive for four viruses.
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