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The study of heavy metals concentration in the estuarine lake Gardno water and bottom sediments showed that the river Łupawa and periodic inputs of sea water exert decisive influence on forming of the water stores and bottom sediments quality in this lake. The largest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were observed at river mouth into the lake region (Cd – 0.26, Cu – 3.71, Mn – 94.3, Pb – 10.01, Zn – 16.26 μg dm-3) and the lowest at water outflow from the lake region (Cd – 0.13, Cu – 1.81, Mn – 53.8, Pb – 8.86, Zn – 8.05 μg dm-3). Average concentrations of those metals in the lake water, suspension and bottom sediment form the following row: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd. The contents of analysed metals were the highest in interstitial water, smaller in near-bottom water and the smallest in surface water. Average content of metals in near-bottom suspension was about 30% higher than that in surface suspension, but enrichment factors of those metals in suspensions do not show essential statistic differences. This probably results from continual mixing of water masses by wind. The migration coefficients indicated that bottom sediments of lake Gardno have large accumulation properties of heavy metals.
We present the results of species distribution modeling conducted on macrobenthic occurrence data collected between 2002 and 2014 in Arctic fjord – Hornsund. We focus on species from Mollusca and Crustacea taxa. This study investigates the importance of individual environmental factors for benthic species distribution, with a special emphasis on bottom water temperature. It aims to verify the hypothesis that the distribution of species is controlled by low water temperatures in the fjord and that the inner basins of the fjord serve as potential refugia for Arctic species threatened by the climate change-related intensification of warmer water inflows. Our results confirm the importance of bottom water temperature in regulating the presence of benthic fauna in the Hornsund fjord. The distribution of studied species is clearly related to specific water mass – colder (<1°C) or warmer (>1°C); and the preferred temperature regimes seem to be species specific and unrelated to analyzed groups. This study supports the notion that inner basins of the Hornsund fjord are potential refugia for cold water Arctic fauna, while the outer and central basins provide suitable habitats for fauna that prefer warmer waters.
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The determination of uranium isotopes in different components of the Southern Baltic (sediments, soil, birds, river) is presented and discussed in this paper. The Baltic Sea is one of the most polluted water regions in the world. On the basis of the studies was found that the most important process of uranium geochemical migration in the Southern Baltic Sea ecosystem is the sedimentation of suspended material and the vertical diffusion from sediments into the bottom water. Considerable amounts of uranium isotopes are introduced into the Baltic waters together with annual inflows of saline and well-aerated waters from the North Sea. Also very high uranium concentrations are the result of weathering and erosional processes of the rocks (e.g. Sudetic rocks) which contain elevated natural concentrations of this radionuclide. Considerable amounts of uranium isotopes are introduced into the Baltic waters together with annual inflows from the Vistula and Oder rivers, also from saline and well-aerated waters from the North Sea. The results of many our studies confirm the significant role of human activities and phosphogypsum stockpile in Wiślinka as a source of these isotopes in southern Baltic.
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Between May and October of 2003, mineral composition of surface (0.5 m deep) and bottom (5.0 meters) waters, at measurement stations in north-western and south-eastern parts of Great Lagoon (Szczecin Lagoon), have been studied. Total concentrations of ionic macrocomponents: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3 - , SO4 2- have been determined. Differentiation of ionic composition and changing level of concentrations of ionic macrocomponents in waters, depending on location of measurement station, depth of water sample collection and time of examination, have been proved. Bottom waters in south-eastern part of Great Lagoon had highest salinity level, whereas surface waters in the same location had lowest degree of salinity. Taking into consideration relatively small number of measurements, authors of present paper regard outlined investigations as diagnostic and obtained conclusions as preliminary ones. Towards substantial variability in ionic composition and magnitudes of concentrations, it is practically impossible to forecast and define values of concentrations of individual ionic components and general salinity degrees, basing on chlorides concentrations, what was often pursued, until now.
The paper describes the hydrographic-hydrochemical development in the eastern Gotland Basin between the major saltwater inflows into the Baltic Sea in 1993 and 2003. This period is characterised by only low inflow activity. The most important hydrographic events were the effects of the very strong inflow in 1993 and the weak inflows in 1993/1994 and 1997. The 1993/1994 inflows led to deep-water renewal, a steep fall in deep-water temperatures, and increasing salinity. The effects of the inflow of very warm, saline and oxygen-rich water in autumn 1997 were observed in the deep water in 1998, resulting in temperatures rising to 7◦C. The recent renewal in spring 2003 is reflected in the decreasing temperature, higher salinity and improved ventilation of the bottom water. Changes in the redox conditions exert a considerable influence on the nutrient distribution. During stagnation periods, there is enrichment of phosphate and ammonium, while nitrate is absent. Thus, around 31 μmol l−1 ammonium and 7 μmol l−1 phosphate were measured prior to the water renewal in 2003. Deepwater ventilation results in lower phosphate concentrations of around 2 μmol l−1, the nitrification of ammonium and the occurrence of nitrate. For the observation period, an estimate of nutrients stored in the deep water was done for the eastern Gotland Basin. During the recent stagnation period, there was an increase of up to 150% in the phosphate pool below the halocline, whereas the pool of inorganic nitrogen compounds decreased to 80% compared with 1992 when the previous stagnation period had ended. Under specific circumstances, these unbalanced nutrients can be made available to the upper water layers and can induce large-scale blooms of algae, especially of cyanobacteria.
Peatbogs have both horizontal and vertical differences in moisture, pH, light and nutrient availability. Micro-distribution of testate amoebae taxa has been observed along the Sphagnum stem but there is no data concerning the vertical micro-distribution of protozoa in water column under the peatbog surface and in the interstitial waters. The research was made in a small (ca 16 ha) peatbog complex in the eastern Poland. Vertical microzonationof testate amoebae and ciliates in relation to physical, chemical and biological parameters (peat porosity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, TN, TP, DOC and TOC) in Sphagnum hollows, mud bottom hollows and interstitial waters in peatbog were studied. Samples were taken once a month from April to November 2009 from three layers: free water mass up to 10 cm (FW), bottom water (BW) and interstitial, pore water – IW (water between particles of peat on depth 20–25 cm). During each sampling occasion 3 samples were collected from each site. At each type of micro-habitat and each sampling date water was sampled using a plexiglass core. The water column sampled from the top surface to the bottom was 25 cm high. Interstitial waters were collected from mini-piezometers located into the peat. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, chlorophyll a and nutrients contents were always lower in interstitial water than in free and bottom waters. The highest numbers of testate amoebae and ciliates taxa occurred in the bottom water (31 and 13 taxa, respectively) and became much lower in interstitial water (17 and 5 taxa, respectively). The density and biomass of protozoa differed significantly between the studied layers, with the lowest numbers in the interstitial water and the highest in the bottom water. Ordination analysis indicated that chlorophyll a, TOC and TP can strongly regulate the abundance and species composition of protozoa. The RDA ordination showed that the testate amoebae species can be divided into three groups associated with: 1) free water mass, 2) bottom water and 3) interstitial water, while the ciliate species into two groups associated with: 1) interstitial water and 2) free water mass and bottom waters. The free water mass and bottom water were dominated by mixotrophic taxa, whereas the deepest layer showed the increase of the contribution of small, bacterivorous species. In all the examined micro-habitats the highest abundance and biomass of these microorganisms occurred in early spring and late autumn, while the lowest values were recorded in late summer.
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