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Three forms of tetraphyllidean cercoids occurring in the alimentary tract of bony fishes are described. Cercoids with bilocular bothridia (probably Pseudanthobothrium sp.) and with trilocular bothridia (probably Oncobothrium sp.) are similar to those occurring at the South Shetland Islands. Cercoids with subcylindrical bothridia (possibly Marsupiobothrium sp.) are for the first time described from the Antarctic. Results indicated the presence of representatives of not less than three tetraphyllidean genera in elasmobranchs (probably skates) occurring in the Ross Sea.
This paper presents the results of study of the fossil fish remnants from the Early Pliocene strata of Priozernoe locality (Republic of Moldova). Nine species, belonging to seven genera, five families and five orders (Acipenseriformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Esociformes, and Perciformes) were identified. Most of the identified taxa are morphological analogues of extant forms. The investigated fish assemblage indicates freshwater to slightly brackish water environments.
Background. There is still a widespread notion that bony fishes with high fecundities are more productive and therefore more resistant to overexploitation. The purpose of this study was to formally explore the relationship between fecundity and reproductive success expressed as maximum annual reproductive rate, i.e. the number of new spawners produced by existing spawners at low population densities. Materials and Methods. We used maximum annual reproductive rate from a recent study covering 49 species of bony fish; we used fecundity estimates from the published literature. Results. We found no significant relationship between fecundity (ranging from 368 to 10 million eggs) and maximum annual reproductive rate (ranging from 0.4 to 13.5 replacement spawners). Conclusion. Fecundity in oviparous bony fish without parental care has no relation with reproductive success. Apparently high fecundity in bony fish has evolved to counter-balance pre-adult mortality, as indicated by the fact that variance in fecundity is 3 orders of magnitude larger than variance in annual reproductive rate.
Four nematode species are reported from bony fishes caught in the Weddell Sea. Two species of cystidicolids, Cystidicola beatriceinsleyae (Holloway et Kiewer, 1969) and Ascarophis nototheniae Johnston et Mawson, 1945, were found in Lycodichthys antarcticus Pappenheim, 1911, whereas one capillariid, Capillaria (Procapillaria) sp., and one anisakid, Paranisakiopsis weddelliensis sp. nov., in Macrourus whitsoni Regan, 1913. Capillaria (Procapillaria) sp. (only females were found) is characterised by: body 17.6-26.0 mm long; stichosome composed of 46-49 stichocytes; presence of a vulvar appendage, and eggs 77-82 × 37-42 µm. This is the first Capillaria species reported from fishes in the Antarctic. Paranisakiopsis weddelliensis sp. nov. is characterised by: body length of male and female 40-48 and 55-62 mm, respectively; lips up to 200 µm and interlabia up to 140 µm long; inconspicuous dentigerous ridge on each lip; 8-10 pairs of preanal and 4 pairs of postanal papillae; spicules equal or subequal, 420-620 µm; eggs 83-85 × 63-65 µm. P. weddelliensis is the first representative of this genus reported from the Antarctic.
Bony fishes (Teleostei) play an important role in the completion of life cycles of helminth parasites in the Antarctica. These fishes may be definitive, second intermediate or paratenic hosts of the helminths. The most species-rich taxon is Digenea. Virtually all of these digeneans use teleosts as definitive hosts. Only one species, Otodistomum cestoides, occurs as the adult stage in skates (Chondrichthyes), with teleosts as its second intermediate host. Among 14 cestode species maturing in fishes only one, Parabothriocephalus johnstoni, occurs in a bony fish, Macrourus whitsoni, whereas the others are parasites of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes). Antarctic Chondrichthyes are not infected with nematode and acanthocephalan species. Specificity to the intermediate and/or paratenic hosts of the majority of Antarctic helminths is wide, whereas that for definitive hosts is often narrower, restricted to one order or sometimes even to one or two host species. Almost all of 73 helminth species maturing in Antarctic fishes are endemics. Only 4 digenean and one nematode species are cosmopolitan or bipolar.
The following opecoelid digeneans are described from bony fishes of the Weddell Sea: Neolebouria terranovaensis Zdzitowiecki, Pisano et Vacchi, 1993 from Paraliparis antarcticus (Liparididae, new host family); Helicometra rakusai sp. n. from Trematomus loennbergi (Nototheniidae); Stenakron glacialis Zdzitowiecki, 1989 from Racovitzia glacialis (Bathydraconidae) and Pogonophryne marmorata (Artedidraconidae, new host family). H. rakusai sp. n. has terminal oral sucker (similarly to the second Antarctic species, H. antarcticae Holloway et Bier, 1968), but its ventral sucker is considerably smaller than the oral sucker - sucker ratio based on mean diameter 1:0.71-0.87 (mean 1:0.81), that based on width 1:0.65-0.99 (mean 1:0.83). Both other species are recorded in the Weddell Sea for the first time.
In total, 400 bony fishes caught at a depth 120-1540 m in the east part of the Weddell Sea were examined and 63 fishes of 4 families occurring at depths of 120-590 m were infected with Macvicaria spp. Three species (185 specimens) were recognised, including two new species, M. microtestis sp. n. and M. longibursata sp. n., and one species, M. georgiana (Kovalyova et Gaevskaya, 1974), previously recorded only in the Western Antarctic. M. microtestis sp. n. occurs in nototheniids (Trematomus spp.) and artedidraconids. It has testes smaller than the ovary and which are entirely obscured by vitelline follicles dorsally. M. longibursata sp. n. occurs in two zoarcid species. It has the cirrus sac extending far posterior to the ventral sucker. M. georgiana occurs in eight species of the genus Trematomus (Nototheniidae) and in Cryodraco antarcticus (Channichthyidae); six host species are new. A key to seven species of the genus Macvicaria occurring in the Antarctic is presented.
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