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The diet of the Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus Bell, 1837, was investigated in western Ireland by analysis of faeces collected each month for a year from 3 areas of blanket bog, 1 of rough grassland and 1 of machair. A wide range of plant species was eaten but the main foods throughout the year were grasses and sedges on bog, and grasses at the other 2 sites, with sedges a minor food. Forbs were also important on machair, the study area where they were most plentiful. Shrubs (mainly Calluna vulgaris but Thymus praecox on machair) were an ancillary food everywhere, especially in winter, when they provided an otherwise scarce source of live tissue, Because there was no snow cover, however, shrubs did not dominate forage in winter as they do in other parts of the range of L. timidus. Seasonal variation in the diet and apparent food preferences are discussed.
The lagg of ombrotrophic peatland studied is the ecotone connecting two contrasting in respect of trophic conditions ecosystems: acidic bog and fertilized arable fields. Differences of element content in the waters of these habitats concerns the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, Cl and pH value. The periodical inflow of waters from agriculture catchment alkalize this zone and, as a result, threaten the ecological system of bog, what is realized by increasing lagg area at the cost of bog area and by decay of ombrotrophic flora components.
The present study consisted of an evaluation of assemblages of epigeic carabid beetles (Col. Carabidae) colonizing hydrogenic soils (bog and post-bog ones), different in the soil development degree. The observations were conducted on a drained, low bog area called Stary Dwór, which today is used as a cut meadow. This is an oblong depression, filled in with (partly mucky) rush peats and situated in the sandur landscape. It lies in the mesoregion called Pojezierze Olsztyńskie (Olsztyn Lake District) near Olsztyn (UTM DE 65), about 3 km of the southern borders of the town. The field observations for determination of the soil type were conducted using soil catenas. A transect was established, which cut across different types and sub-types of bog and post-bog soils. In this paper, the authors have attempted to answer the question whether the sequence of hydrogenic soils and some parameters chosen to describe them have any influence on assemblages of epigeic carabid beetles dwelling in such habitats. Based on the results, it has been concluded that the soils present in the analyzed peat bog were characterized by the following sequence: muckous soils → peat-muck soils → peat soils. Their properties depended on the position in the soil relief, advancement of muck formation and content of organic carbon. It has been found out that the highest soil ash content in the surface horizons was in muckous soil (90.39%), and the lowest – in profile 3 of peat-muck soil (18.77%). The reaction of the analyzed soils ranged from slightly acidic to neutral and tended to decrease towards the centre of the depression, reaching the lowest value in peat soil. During the two years of our observations, a total of 673 individuals of Carabidae belonging to 29 species were captured. It has been determined that the type of soil as a factor significantly affected the number of captured carabid beetles, but did not influence the species abundance. The decreasing pH gradient as well as an increasing content of organic C were associated with a decreasing number of the species of carabid beeetles tolerant to moisture conditions (mesophilous species), which were being replaced by hygrophilous individuals. As the acidic reaction of soil increased and the soil content of organic matter rose, so did the abundance of mixophagous species at the expense of predatory individuals.
Morphological, behavioural and physiological adaptations of chironomid pupae to oxygen-poor habitats, such as the profundal zone of lakes, are discussed. Lentic and oxy-regulator species possess developed respiratory organs (thoracic horns) and an extensive anal fringe to perform respiratory movements, whereas in rheophilic and oxy-conformer species these structures are reduced or absent. This led to the hypothesis that the number of thoracic horn branches, the number of anal macrosetae and the body size could consititute a measure of a species’ oxygen requirements. These characters were analyzed in 12 species groups collected in 39 Italian lakes. Numbers were correlated to the optimum value of oxygen level, total phosphorus concentration and transparency calculated for each taxon. Taxa with plumose thoracic horns, extensive anal fringe and large body size (Chironomus) inhabited habitats poorer in oxygen than those inhabited by taxa with less extensive respiratory surface and fringe and small body size (Paratendipes, Polypedilum, Microtendipes). Stictochironomus was less tolerant than expected. Further studies are needed into the physiological adaptations of chironomid pupae.
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