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Control and correction of horse rider's body posture

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Centre of gravity represents the point where the net force of gravity of all the body parts is applied. Balance is a specific state of the postural control system, being a vertical orientation of human body maintained through balancing the forces and moments of forces that act on the body. Stability is understood to mean the ability to recover the state of balance and typical body position in the space. The concept of division of the rider’s posture into 5 blocks that has been used in the literature seems to be legitimate. However, due to the natural shape of spinal curvature, the division of body into opposing truncated pyramids (a trapezoid in the sagittal plane and a rectangle with longer horizontal sides in the frontal plane) appears to be more accurate. The eight-segment model is dynamic and illustrates all the shallowed or deepened spinal curvatures very well while maintaining alternate sagittal curvatures with regard to the deficits of motion in the joints. It is also correct in anatomical terms since it contains all the sections and joints in the kinematic chain. Body posture, considered under conditions of the equestrian pair (a rider and a horse) as a motor task, will be adjusted using the continuous control. This control works within the tracking system and consistently adjusts the activity of different muscles to current needs. These needs result from a specific program encoded in the central nervous system and, more specifically, from the difference between the program and current state of the equestrian pair. This program is developed during equestrian training and it represents a demanded situation.
We tested whether simulation of postural changes, which occur during public speech test procedures, activates cardiovascular system and stress hormone release that could interfere with the effect of psychosocial stress load. Young healthy male volunteers (n=8) underwent procedure imitating exactly all postural changes present in the psychosocial stress model based on public speech used in this laboratory (namely changes from sitting to standing and repeated sitting). Postural changes were associated with increases in heart rate, blood pressure, plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and aldosterone and elevation in plasma renin activity. In contrast to cardiovascular parameters, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and adrenaline, the main characteristics of hormonal response during mental stress, were not significantly influenced. The overall magnitude of all observed alterations was much smaller than that seen following mental stress procedures in our previous studies. This study provides evidence that changes in body posture during public speech test procedure influence hemodynamics and endocrine responses in a mild manner. Though this influence may represent a source of unspecific variance, substantial confounding effects on responses to the psychosocial component of the procedure are unlikely. In any case, models combining mental stressors and changes in body posture must be interpreted as complex stress stimuli.
Footwear is, first and foremost, an essential wardrobe component, without which it is difficult to imagine an ordinary working day. High-heeled shoes are mainly worn for aesthetic reasons, and to enhance the slenderness of the female body. Badly fitting footwear can lead to the development of several medical conditions affecting function of the foot as well as the wider musculoskeletal system. Foot deformations correlate highly with the type of footwear being worn. The most commonly occurring foot disorders caused by wearing high heels are: bunions, hammer toe, mallet toe, claw toe, and flat feet. These types of shoes can also cause injuries such as sprains, dislocations and fractures around the ankle joint and in the foot itself. Highheeled footwear may have an effect not only on the foot, but also on the whole limb, including the spine and pelvis, as destructive changes around the foot affect the entire biokinematic chain, and being the first component of this chain they impede movement and negatively impact the function of other joints. Over time, inappropriate function of the foot joints results in dysfunction of other joints located higher, disrupting correct body posture. The aim of this work is to draw the readers’ attention to the effects of wearing high-heeled footwear, both the negative and positive, though the latter are extremely rare.
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