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Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), the primary regulator of plasminogen activator - urokinase (uPA) plays a crucial role in the cell adhesion and migration and in angiogenesis. We had previously demonstrated that PAI-1 - endothelial cell interplay is critical for the formation of new blood vessels and the process is mostly conducted via uPA- anti-proteinase interaction. In the present study we wished to further examine the role of PAI-1 in the sprout formation, representing the first step of new capillary vessels development by evaluating the effect of PAI-1 on the sprout area. We addressed the issue by assessing the influence of cysteine-mutated PAI-1 proteins characterized by a prolonged half-life time (hDßT - T1/2= 63.59 h and ßT- T1/2= 6931.47 h), and therefore more stable anti-uPA activity, on the appearance of newly formed sprouts. We found that both CysPAI-1 proteins significantly diminished the mean sprout area in a concentration-dependent fashion. The inhibitory effect present in the two examined endothelial cells systems of different origin and functional characteristics - human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) cultures - was noticeably greater for HLMVEC -high urokinase-producers. Moreover, the inhibition rate was significantly greater for the ßT mutant than that for the hDßT PAI-1 mutant in all examined doses (P<0.002), proving a key role of anti-proteinase activity for this effect. Therefore, we concluded that PAI-1 apart from the total sprout length affects also sprouts area in the in vitro sprout formation angiogenesis assay. This effect was achieved mainly via PAI-1's anti-proteinase activity.
The median artery usually regresses after the eighth week of intrauterine life, but in some cases it persists into adulthood. The persistent median artery (PMA) passes through the carpal tunnel of the wrist, accompanying the median nerve. During anatomical dissection in our department, we found two unilateral cases of PMA originating from the ulnar artery. In both cases the PMA passed through the carpal tunnel, reached the palm, and anastomosed with the ulnar artery, forming a medio-ulnar type of superficial palmar arch. In addition, in both cases we observed a high division of the median nerve before entering the carpal tunnel. Such an artery may result in several complications such as carpal tunnel syndrome, pronator syndrome, or compression of the anterior interosseous nerve. Therefore, the presence of a PMA should be taken into consideration in clinical practice. This study presents two cases of PMA along with an embryological explanation, analysis of its clinical significance, and a review of the literature. The review of the literature includes cases observed during surgical procedures or anatomical dissections. Cases observed by means of imaging techniques were not included in the study. (Folia Morphol 2009; 68, 4: 193–200)
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Secretory functions of the vascular endothelium

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The endothelial cells which line the blood vessels as a monolayer exert a remarkable control over the vascular system. Indeed, the endothelium can be regarded as a highly active metabolic and endocrine organ in its own right. On the hand, vasoactive substances such as serotonin and bradykinin are inactivated and on the other the cells can enzymatically produce the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II and secrete endothelin-1 ((ET-1). Perhaps more importantly, the cells also produce two unstable vasodilator substances, which potently inhibit platelet clumping: prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) which has been identified as nitric oxide (NO; 1). Both substances seem well designated as local hormones, released to influence adjacent cells. The endothelial cell, therefore, exerts control over the cardiovascular system by elaborating dilator substances as well as vasconstrictors.
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