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The aim of the study was to investigate the competence of in vivo- and in vitro-derived pig expanded blastocysts by analysing DNA fragmentation using TUNEL. A total of 533 porcine expanded blastocysts were examined, and results were evaluated using Fisher’s test. Significant differences in the incidence of fragmented nuclei (detected by the TUNEL reaction) and all nuclei (detected by DAPI) were identified between in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos at the expanded blastocyst stage. The total numbers of nuclei observed in in vivo-derived embryos were significantly different from those in in vitro-cultured embryos (89.1±13.4 and 47.7±25.1, respectively). TUNEL index in In vitro-cultured embryos (28.3%) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in in vivo-derived blastocysts (4%). These findings indicate that in vivo- and in vitro-derived expanded blastocysts consisting of a small number of cells are characterized by a high incidence of DNA fragmentation. The total number of nuclei in in vivo- and in vitro-derived blastocysts correlated negatively with the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei (r = -0.51; P<0.0001) and the TUNEL index (r = -0.69; P<0.0001), whereas the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei was positively correlated with the TUNEL index (r = 0.95;P<0.0001). Moreover, significant differences were observed between embryos collected from individual experiments.
Spontaneous parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes in an in vitro maturation and fertilization system (IVM/IVF) is described. Altogether, 1403 follicular oocytes, collected by the aspiration method, were matured in vitro and then cultured without insemination in the same conditions as a group of inseminated oocytes. After 48-72 h of additional culture, 141 oocytes (10%) were found to be spontaneously activated. Morphological evaluation revealed that the number of blastomeres within parthenotes ranged from 2 to 16 cells, with a minority (15.7%) comprising of 9-16 blastomeres. According to a cytogenetic analysis, only 1.2% of the analysed parthenotes consisted of more than 9 cells. Parthenotes may not be distinguished from embryos produced in vitro and spontaneous parthenogenetic activation in an IVM/IVF system indicates suboptimal culture conditions. A group of non-inseminated oocytes should be included in each experiment to serve as a control. Spontaneously activated bovine parthenotes only occasionaly developed beyond the 8-blastomere stage in a common IVM/IVF system. The incidence of parthenotes interferes with the efficiency of in vitro embryo production but it is doubtful whether it lowers the pregnancy rate after transfer of IVF embryos.
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