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Zeaxanthin, a C₄₀ xanthophyll carotenoid, has potential biological applications in nutrition and human health. In this study we characterized carotenoid composition in 5 taxonomically related marine bacterial isolates from the genus Muricauda. The pigment was characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry, which confirmed the presence of all-trans-zeaxanthin. Muricauda strains produced zeaxanthin as a predominant carotenoid. M. flavescens JCM 11812T produced highest yield (4.4 ± 0.2 mg L⁻¹) when cultured on marine broth at 32°C for 72 h. This is the first report on the presence of zeaxanthin among the majority of species from the genus Muricauda.
The aim of the work was to determine the influence of initial sucrose concentration in fermentation medium on oxalic acid synthesis by Aspergillus niger W78C in submerged batch culture. Cultivations were conducted in synthetic medium containing sucrose in the concentration of 100, 125, 150, 175 or 200 g·dm⁻³. As the result of the present investigation, the optimal sucrose concentration was found at the level of 125 g·dm⁻³. In medium containing this amount of carbon source, 70.2 g·dm⁻³ of oxalic acid was obtained. When substrate concentration was the highest, 200 g dm⁻³, the amount of product was only 5.2 g·dm⁻³ higher than in medium with 125 g·dm⁻³ of sucrose. Moreover, an increase of the initial sucrose concentration resulted in process time extension, an increase of citric and gluconic acids concentration and a decrease of productivity and oxalic acid yield.
Sporophores from five species of Lactarius mushrooms had a liquid rubber content of 0.1 % to 7% based on the dry weight. Rubber from L. voleinus, L. chrysorrheus and L. hygrophoroides was found to be a homologue of polyprenol being composed of dimethylallyl group, two trans isoprene units, 160-300cis isoprene units, and terminal hydroxy! or ester group aligned in that order by 13C-NMR analysis. The ratio of fatty acid ester group to hydroxyl group was about 9/1 to 5/5. The number of both terminal groups and trans units decreased during aging of sporophores. Rubber from L. piperatus, L. vellereus and L. subpiperatus was found to be cis polyisoprene having very small quantities of both terminal groups and trans units. The biosynthesis of cis polyisoprene in Lactarius mushrooms was found to start from trans, trans-famesyl pyrophosphate. The termination was assumed to occur by esterification of polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate. Occurrence of some chemical modifications on both terminal groups was presumed during aging of sporophores.
The strain of Escherichia coli K-12 with high aspartase activity was irradiated with UV. After mutagenesis and selection, the mutant B-715 was isolated which was 4-times more active in L-aspartic acid biosynthesis than parental K-12 strain. The highest productivity was achieved while the strain was cultivated in the ammonium fumarate medium in 37°C for 18-30 hours. It was found that better results were obtained when before the main production step of biosynthesis of L-aspartic acid, the cells of E. coli B-715 were incubated in the activation medium with ammonium fumarate. Activation at 37°C was the most advisable for high efficiency of L-aspartic acid biosynthesis. The productivity of E. coli B-715 during 1 hour biosynthesis process was at the range 0.19-0.35 g of L-aspartic acid per 1 gram of dry mass (biomass) per minute.
An attractive possibility of green nanotechnology is to use microorganisms in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Recently, the biosynthesis especially from fungi has emerged as a novel method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are considered as building blocks of Nanotechnology. In the present work we have screened fungi for the extracellular production of silver nanoparticles. Aspergillus sps, Rhizopus sps, Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. were the isolates screened and subjected to silver nanoparticles production. Of the tested isolates, the fungus Aspergillus sp. showed maximum absorbance at 416 nm which is an indication of Silver nanoparticles production. Further characterization was made by TEM which revealed the shape to be spherical and size ranged between 20-55 nm, EDS showed the presence of elemental silver at 3kev, FTIR spectrum showed the different functional groups, XRD spectrum showed the crystalline nature of the particles and AFM revealed three dimensional structures of the nanoparticles. Of all kinds of nanoparticles silver nanoparticles show great promise in terms of biomedical applications as they exhibit different biomedical activities.
Nanotechnology is a field that is burgeoning day by day, making an impact in all spheres of human life. Biological methods of synthesis have paved way for the “greener synthesis” of nanoparticles and these have proven to be better methods due to slower kinetics, they offer better manipulation and control over crystal growth and their stabilization. In this context we have investigated extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using cell-free extract of Rhizopus spp.. Formation of AgNPs was indicated by the change in the colour of the cellfree extract from yellow to dark brown under static condition after 48 hrs of incubation. Characterization of AgNPs was carried out by UV-Vis Spectroscopy which gave sharp plasmon resonance peak at 429 nm corresponding to spherical shaped nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph showed formation of well-dispersed AgNPs in the range of 25-50 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the particles to be uniformly dispersed without agglomeration with smooth morphology. EDS showed the presence of elemental silver at 3kev. X-ray diffraction (XRD)-spectrum of the AgNPs exhibited 2θ¸ values corresponding to nanocrystal. These biosynthesized AgNPs were used to study their antimicrobial activity against Multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli strains, by Agar diffusion method. Zone of inhibition was measured. Synthesis of nanosized particles with antibacterial properties, which are called "nanoantibiotics", is of great interest in the development of new pharmaceutical products.
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