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Ionic channels form pores in biomembranes. These pores are large macromolecular structures. Due to thermal fluctuations of countless degrees-of-freedom of the biomembrane material, the actual form of the pores is permanently subject to modification. Furthermore, the arrival of an ion at the binding site can change this form by repolarizing the surrounding aminoacids. In any case the variations of the pore structure are stochastic. In this paper, we discuss the effect of such modifications on the channel conductivity. Applying a simple kinetic description, we show that stochastic variations in channel properties can significantly alter the ionic current, even leading to its substantial increase or decrease for the specific matching of some time-scales of the system.
A new method based on combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy observations, is proposed to visualize the insertion of glycosylphos- phatidyl inositol (GPI) anchored alkaline phosphatase from buffer solutions into sup­ported phospholipid bilayers. The technique involves the use of 27 nm diameter fluo­rescent latex beads covalently coupled to the amine groups of proteins. Fluorescence microscopy allows the estimation of the relative protein coverage into the membrane and also introduces a height amplification for the detection of protein/bead com­plexes with the AFM. The coupling of the beads with the amine groups is not specific; this new and simple approach opens up new ways to investigate proteins into sup­ported membrane systems.
Liposomes have been used as models of biomembranes and tools in the field of drug delivery systems. Liposomalization of various drugs has been revealed to enhance their efficacy and to reduce the side effect of the drugs. For site-specific delivery, intracellular targeting, and controlled release of drugs, many functional liposomes have been developed based on their nature as models of biomembranes. In this paper, preparation and characterization of three kinds of functional liposomes are presented, namely, thermosensitive liposomes for delivering macromolecules, pH-sensitive liposomes for cytosolic delivery of the encapsulated materials, and reticuloendothelial system (RES)-avoiding liposomes for passive targeting to tumor tissues. The actual usefulness of RES-avoiding liposomes modified with a uronic acid derivative, palmityl-D-glucuronide, for tumor imaging and therapy was demonstrated. Recently, a method to analyze liposomal trafficking in living animals, which is important in the use of liposomes as drug carriers, was developed by use of positron emission tomography. In this paper, liver accumulation of liposomes having various charges is shown.
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