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Candida sp. may be regarded as one of the leading etiologic agents of hospital-acquired infections, including those related with the indwelling medical devices, which become colonized by the yeasts, accompanied by biofilm formation. In this paper we assayed in vitro susceptibility to caspofungin of planktonic and sessile cells of nasopharyngeal isolates of Candida sp. Two types of biomaterials were used - silicone elastomer-coated latex urinary Foley catheter and PCV Thorax catheter. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of caspofungin for planktonic Candida sp. cells ranged from 0.008 to 0.031 mg/l, while the minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) from 0.008 to 0.062 mg/l, with MFC/MIC ratios ≤2. The minimal concentration of caspofungin preventing adhesion process of Candida sp. on both biomaterials ranged from 0.004 to 0.031 mg/l, while preventing biofilm formation from 0.004 to 0.062 mg/l. In contrast, much higher minimal concentrations of caspofungin were needed to eradicate the mature biofilm (0.25 to >8 mg/l). In all cases, drug concentrations depended on the strain and the biomaterial used. Our preliminary data suggest that caspofungin, showing good anti-adherent activity in vitro against Candida sp., appears to be a potential agent rather for prophylaxis of the yeast infections associated with biomaterials but not for their treatment.
Degradable aliphatic polyesters such as polylactides, polyglycolides and their copolymers are used in several biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. We analyzed the influence of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) thin films on the adhesion, proliferation, motility and differentiation of primary human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the context of their potential use as cell carriers for skin tissue engineering. We did not observe visible differences in the morphology, focal contact appearance, or actin cytoskeleton organization of skin cells cultured on PLGA films compared to those cultured under control conditions. Moreover, we did not detect biologically significant differences in proliferative activity, migration parameters, level of differentiation, or expression of vinculin when the cells were cultured on PLGA films and tissue culture polystyrene. Our results indicate that PLGA films do not affect the basic functions of primary human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts and thus show acceptable biocompatibility in vitro, paving the way for their use as biomaterials for skin tissue engineering.
The future of agriculture is clearly connected with the production of food, feed, biomaterials, bioenergy, rare components like biopharmaceuticals and enzymes. Avery important aspect is the "unknown", which means the production of goods which we are not familiar with today. This brings up the subject of GMOs. The obvi­ous questions are: do we need GMOs and what kind of GMOs are necessary - GM plants, GM microorganisms, or GM animals? We have to recognize the different ways of using GMOs: direct consumption (food), indirect consumption (feed), raw materials (energy, biomaterials), and valuable components (like enzymes). The effects of GMOs are very different; the most visible one is the effect on the economy. There are also social, legal, environmental, international as well as religious, and mental effects that are very important. These "effects" are closely related to potential "dan­gers", both real (documented and reproducible) and imaginative (invented and not documented). To sum up, I would like to state the following: There is no way to avoid genetic engineering, and bioeconomy is the key to the future. However, we all have the right and privilege of free choice.
The emerging fields of tissue engineering and biomaterials have begun to provide potential treatment options for liver failure. The goal of the present study is to investigate the ability of a poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofiber scaffold to support and enhance hepatic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). A scaffold composed of poly L-lactic acid and collagen was fabricated by the electrospinning technique. After characterizing isolated hMSCs, they were seeded onto PLLA nanofiber scaffolds and induced to differentiate into a hepatocyte lineage. The mRNA levels and protein expression of several important hepatic genes were determined using RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and ELISA. Flow cytometry revealed that the isolated bone marrow-derived stem cells were positive for hMSC-specific markers CD73, CD44, CD105 and CD166 and negative for hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45. The differentiation of these stem cells into adipocytes and osteoblasts demonstrated their multipotency. Scanning electron microscopy showed adherence of cells in the nanofiber scaffold during differentiation towards hepatocytes. Our results showed that expression levels of liver-specific markers such as albumin, α-fetoprotein, and cytokeratins 8 and 18 were higher in differentiated cells on the nanofibers than when cultured on plates. Importantly, liver functioning serum proteins, albumin and α-1 antitrypsin were secreted into the culture medium at higher levels by the differentiated cells on the nanofibers than on the plates, demonstrating that our nanofibrous scaffolds promoted and enhanced hepatic differentiation under our culture conditions. Our results show that the engineered PLLA nanofibrous scaffold is a conducive matrix for the differentiation of MSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells. This represents the first step for the use of this nanofibrous scaffold for culture and differentiation of stem cells that may be employed for tissue engineering and cell-based therapy applications.
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