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Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) is a serious pathogen of apple fruits that results in severe loss in apple production. Up to nowadays, many ASSVd management options are applied to resist the disease, but the diserable resulits are not achieved. Therefore, this study was conducted in 2010–2012 at experimental field of Penglai City, Shandong Province, China (E 120°57’22’’, N 370°38’33’’) to investigate whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Glomus versiforme protects Red Fuji apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh) against apple scar skin viroid. Red Fuji apple trees were inoculated with Glomus versiforme and then potential protection mechanism was explored and compared to noninoculated plants. The results showed that inoculation with Glomus versiforme significantly increased root length colonization rate and clearly decreased the percentage of disease severity of apple scar skin disease. Compared to non-inoculated plants, Glomus versiforme obviously enhanced total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in leaves. Root colonization by Glomus versiforme induced an increase in defense-related enzyme activities in fruits, such as the enhanced activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, chitinase and glucanase. Significant differences in acid content of fruit and fruit yield were observed as apple roots were colonized by Glomus versiforme. It is therefore concluded that Glomus versiforme can be regarded as a biocontrol agent to protect apple trees against the infection with ASSVd.
The influence oľ 4 strains of Geotrichum candidum yeasts, used as starter cultures in the process of steeping of Rudzik and Maresi barley grain, on basic biotechnological qualities of malts was researched. The comparative sample was malt obtained from grain disinfected with the use of formalin. It has been observed that Rudzik grain was more susceptible to the influence of G. candidum starter cultures. In samples of this variety the starter cultures brought about higher extract yields of malts, higher protein modification and darker worts. From among the strains which were used, G. candidum 1 significantly influenced the qualities of malts rising their diastatic power and extract content, improving the dynamics of wort filtration and reducing its viscosity.
Using of several biocenotic indexes (relative abundance, frequency, Shannon-Weaver's and Cody's formulas) in relation to the ecological analysis of aphid parasitoid guilds is discussed. The comparative ecological analysis of aphid parasitoid guilds based on Shannon's formula is demonstrated. With the use of the proposed methods we can search for reservoirs (habitats, plant species) and alternative hosts (aphid species of noneconomical importance) of beneficial aphid parasitoids in an agricultural landscape.
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