Wyniki wyszukiwania

1

Selected cellular mechanisms determining Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation under starvation conditions

100%

Myszka K., Czaczyk K.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Biotechnologia

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2012

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tom 11

|

nr 4

2

The effect of oleanolic and ursolic acids on the hemolytic properties and biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes

75%

Kurek A., Markowska K., Grudniak A. M., Janiszowska W., Wolska K. I.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2014

|

tom 63

|

nr 1

Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from a variety of medicinal plants, which have antibacterial activity. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative pathogen, being the causative agent of listeriosis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of both triterpene acids on the pathogenicity determinants of L. monocytogenes: their hemolytic activity and biofilm forming ability. Oleanolic and ursolic acids inhibited listeriolysin O activity without influencing toxin secretion. Biofilm formation, and the viability of L. monocytogenes cells in biofilms was diminished by both compounds. Thus, both acids affected L. monocytogenes virulence. It was also demonstrated that oleanolic acid bound to the peptidoglycan of L. monocytogenes and this interaction was influenced by teichoic acids.

3

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Evaluation of susceptibility of polymer and rubber materials intended into contact with drinking water on biofilm formation

75%

Szczotko M., Stankiewicz A., Jamsheer-Bratkowska M.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

|

2016

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tom 67

|

nr 4

Background. Plumbing materials in water distribution networks and indoor installations are constantly evolving. The application of new, more economical solutions with plastic materials eliminates the corrosion problems, however, do not fully protect the consumer against secondary microbial contamination of water intended for human consumption caused by the presence of a biofilm on the inner surface of materials applied. National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene conducts research aimed at a comprehensive assessment of this type of materials, resulting their further marketing authorization in Poland. Objectives. Evaluation and comparison of polymer and rubber materials intended to contact with water for the susceptibility to biofilm formation. Materials and Methods. Plastic materials (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride) and rubber compounds (EPDM, NBR), from different manufacturers were evaluated. The study was carried out on 37 samples, which were divided into groups according to the material of which they were made. The testing was conducted according to the method based on conditions of dynamic flow of tap water. The level of bioluminescence in swabs taken from the surface of the tested materials was investigated with a luminometer. Results. Evaluation of plastic materials does not show major objections in terms of hygienic assessment. All materials met the evaluation criteria established for methodology used. In case of rubber compounds, a substantial part clearly exceeded the limit values, which resulted in their negative assessment and elimination of these materials from domestic market. Conclusions: High susceptibility to the formation of biofilm in the group of products made of rubber compounds has been demonstrated. Examined plastic materials, except for several cases, do not revealed susceptibility to biofilm formation, but application of plastics for distribution of water intended for human consumption does not fully protect water from secondary, microbiological contamination. Complete verification of plumbing materials including biofilm formation test before their introduction into the domestic market should be continued.

4

Ultrasound conditioning of Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ 447: growth, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production, and cell membrane permeability

75%

Khadem H., Tirtouil A. M., Drabo M. S., Boubakeur B.

BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology

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2020

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tom 101

|

nr 2

5

Influence of silver and copper nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation

75%

Widynska E., Zajac A., Jaworski S., Strojny B.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Animal Science

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2018

|

tom 57[2]

6

Effect of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on gas permeability of food wrapping foils

75%

Boguslawska-Was E., Lisiecki S., Drozdowska A., Ilczuk K.

Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences

|

2007

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tom 57

|

nr 2

167-172

The natural precedence of microorganisms growth on the damp surfaces is the formation of biofilm. The arising biolayer, stabilized by extracellular substances, is becoming hard to remove biological structure, the enzymatic activity of which can lead to violation of the packaging, and consequently to acceleration of the process of food spoilage. The microorganisms of Pseudomonas species are widely spread in food products’ environment. In order to perform the analysis three types of food wrapping foils from polyamide – polyethylene (PA/PE), which were kept in Pseudomonas culture, were used in the study. Two strains were used – the standard ATCC 15442 (WZ) and the strain isolated from pork-beef minced meat (MB) airtight packaged. All cultures were run at the temperatures 4°C and 20°C. It was reported that on all types of food wrapping foils biofilms were developed, which were formed by Ps. aeruginosa. The biolayers developed decreased permeability of foils, which was shown by restriction of permeability for gases. The changes of foils properties analysed here were most of all dependent on the type of the foil.

7

Activity of catabolic enzymes of film-forming strains of Staphylococcus aureus

75%

Voronkova O. S., Shevchenko T. M., Vinnikov A. I.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

|

2017

|

tom 61

The activity of glucose catabolism pathways of film-forming strains of staphylococci isolated from vagina of women with dysbiosis of reproductive tract and from women without disorders of microflora was studied. It was established that the investigated film-forming strains utilized the carbohydrates by pentose phosphate pathway mainly, as indicated by 23-33% higher enzyme activity compare to strains isolated from healthy women. Instead strains, isolated from women without dysbiosis of reproductive tract, have higher activity of glycolytic enzymes on 13- 28%. The prevalence of glycolytic transformation of glucose by strains isolated from healthy women also indicates by the depression of glucose oxidation during action of monoiodinacetate – classical inhibitor of glycolysis. It inhibits glycolysis of strains isolated from healthy women more significant. It was established that oxidase activity of film-forming strains isolated from women with dysbiosis, increased over 40% during the use of basic substrates of citric acid cycle. These data indicate a general increase of catabolic activity of oxidative type of staphylococci isolated during vaginal dysbiosis and able to form biofilm.

8

Importance of eps genes from Bacillus subtilis in biofilm formation and swarming

63%

Nagorska K., Ostrowski A., Hinc K., Holland I. B., Obuchowski M.

Journal of Applied Genetics

|

2010

|

tom 51

|

nr 3

Unicellular organisms naturally form multicellular communities, differentiate into specialized cells, and synchronize their behaviour under certain conditions. Swarming, defined as a movement of a large mass of bacteria on solid surfaces, is recognized as a preliminary step in the formation of biofilms. The main aim of this work was to study the role of a group of genes involved in exopolvsaccharide biosynthesis during pellicle formation and swarming in Bacillus subtilis strain 168. To assess the role of particular proteins encoded by the group of epsI-epsO genes that form the eps operon, we constructed a series of insertional mutants. The results obtained showed that mutations in epsJ-epsN, but not in the last gene of the eps operon (epsO), have a severe effect on pellicle formation under all tested conditions. Moreover, the inactivation of 5 out of the 6 genes analysed caused total inhibition of swarming in strain 168 (that does not produce surfactin) on LB medium. Following restoration of the sfp gene (required for production of surfactin, which is essential for swarming of the wild-type bacteria), the sfp⁺ strains defective in eps genes (except epsO) generated significantly different patterns during swarming on synthetic B medium, as compared to the parental strain 168 sfp⁺.

9

Effects of allicin on the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and the production of quorum-sensing controlled virulence factors

63%

Lihua L., Jianhui W., Jialin Y., Yayin L., Guanxin L.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2013

|

tom 62

|

nr 3

The Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial pathogen is reputed for its resistance to multiple antibiotics, and this property is strongly associated with the development of biofilms. Bacterial biofilms form by aggregation of microorganisms on a solid surface and secretion of an extracellular polysaccharide substances that acts as a physical protection barrier for the encased bacteria. In addition, the P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing system contributes to antibiotic resistance by regulating the expression of several virulence factors, including exotoxin A, elastase, pyoverdin and rhamnolipid. The organosulfur compound allicin, derived from garlic, has been shown to inhibit both surface-adherence of bacteria and production of virulence factors. In this study, the effects of allicin on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and the production of quorum-sensing controlled virulence factors were investigated. The results demonstrated that allicin could inhibit early bacterial adhesion, reduce EPS secretion, and down-regulate virulence factors’ production. Collectively, these findings suggest the potential of allicin as a therapeutic agent for controlling P. aeruginosa biofilm.

10

Use of the real time xCelligence system for purposes of medical microbiology

63%

Junka A. F., Janczura A., Smutnicka D., Maczynska B., Secewicz A., Nowicka J., Bartoszewicz M., Gosciniak G.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2012

|

tom 61

|

nr 3

Roche’s xCelligence impedance-measuring instrument is one of a few commercially available systems of such type. According to the best knowledge of authors, instrument was tested so far only for eukaryotic cell research. The aim of this work was to estimate xCELLigence suitability for the microbiological tests, including (i) measurement of morphological changes in eukaryotic cells as a result of bacterial toxin activity, (ii) measurement of bacterial biofilm formation and (iii) impact of antiseptics on the biofilm structure. To test the influence of bacterial LT enterotoxin on eukaryotic cell lines, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line and reference strain Escherichia coli ATTC 35401 were used. To investigate Roche’s instrument ability to measure biofilm formation and impact of antiseptics on its development, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538 reference strain was used. The data generated during the experiments indicate excellent ability of xCelligence instrument to detect cytopathic effect caused by bacterial LT endotoxin and to detect staphylococcal biofilm formation. However, interpretation of the results obtained during real-time measurement of antiseptic’s bactericidal activity against staphylococcal biofilm, caused many difficulties. xCelligence instrument can be used for real-time monitoring of morphological changes in CHO cells treated with bacterial LT enterotoxin and for real-time measurement of staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro. Further investigation is necessary to confirm suitability of system to analyze antiseptic’s antimicrobial activity against biofilm in vitro.

11

Phylogenetic and biochemical characterization of a new halo-thermotolerant, biofilm-forming Bacillus from saline lake of Iran

63%

Safary A., Moniri R., Mirhashemi S. M., Nikzad H., Khiavi M. A.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2013

|

tom 62

|

nr 4

In this study, five halotolerant Bacillus isolates from Aran-Bidgol Saline Lake in Iran were identified from saline environments. Screening of the bacteria led to the identification of a unique halo-thermotolerant Bacillus. On the basis of genetic and phenotypic data, this isolate was closely related to Bacillus licheniformis. But isolated Bacillus can be distinguished from B. licheniformis by salt tolerance, 16SrDNA sequence and some different physicochemical properties. Thus, suggested that the isolate was not the known Bacillus. Optical density analysis indicated strong biofilm formation for this strain. Also this isolate exhibited average tolerance to 1-25 mM concentrations of zinc and was sensitive to all concentrations of nickel. In biosurfactant production assay, this Bacillus exhibited the high activity for semi-quantitative oil displacement test (3.14 ±0.02 cm²) and evaluated positive for drop-collapse test and hemolytic activity. Moreover, amylase, protease and DNase enzymes produced in presence of 10-20% salt of medium. Therefore, identified Bacillus could supply potential microbial materials for bioremediation purposes and biotechnological applications.

12

Slime production by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from patients with diabetic foot ulcers

63%

Podbielska A., Galkowska H., Stelmach E., Mlynarczyk G., Olszewski W. L.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2010

|

tom 58

|

nr 4

321-324

13

Biofilm formation as a virulence determinant of uropathogenic Escherichia coli Drplus strains

63%

Zalewska-Piatek B. M., Wilkanowicz S. I., Piatek R. J., Kur J. W.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2009

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tom 58

|

nr 3

223-229

Urinary tract infections are the most common health problem affecting millions of people each year. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are the major factor causing lower and upper urinary tract infections. UPEC produce several virulence factors among which are surface exposed adhesive organelles (pili/fimbriae) responsible for colonization, invasion and amplification within uroepithelial cells. The virulence of the uropathogenic E. coli Dr⁺ IH11128 is associated with Dr fimbriae belonging to the Dr family of adhesins (associated with diarrhea and urinary tract infections) and a DraD protein capping the linear fiber at the bacterial cell surface. In this study we revealed that biofilm development can be another urovirulence determinant allowing pathogenic E. coli Dr⁺ to survive within the urinary tract. E. coli strains were grown in rich or minimal media, allowed to adhere to abiotic surfaces and analyzed microscopically by staining of cells with cristal violet. We found that both Dr fimbriae and DraD, exposed at the cell surface in two forms, fimbria-assoeiated or fimbria non-associated, (DraE⁺/DraD⁺, DraE⁺/DraD⁻ or DraE⁻/DraD⁺ E. coli strains) are required for biofilm formation. Additionally, we demonstrated the biofilm formation capacity of E. coli strains deficient in the surface secretion or production of the DraE adhesin.

14

The characteristics of growth of bacilli formed fouling on wooden constructions

63%

Basarab V. Y., Voronkova O. S., Voronkova Y. S., Severynovska O. V.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

|

2018

|

tom 70

Problem of biofilm formation have a great significance for environmental microbiological research. Biospheric microorganisms can form biofilm, that provide bacteria resistance to influence of different environmental factors. Some of the most common bacteria in biosphere are bacilli, among them there are film-forming strains. Bacillus spp. is a well-known film forming microorganisms that colonize environmental objects. The biofilm fouling of underwater elements of small wooden constructions located on the Dnieper River near the city of the Dnipro (Ukraine) was studied. It was found that biofilms from surfaces of water constructions include bacilli. It is established that the mean values of CFU in samples from running and still water were (1.81±0.52)×10⁸ and (1.83±0.53)×10⁸ CFU / ml respectively per area of wooden sample approximately 1 cm², while during the laboratory cultivation of the film, formed by these cultures on the plate, the number of cells was (4.90±0.93)×10⁷ and (4.60±1.07)×10⁷ CFU / ml per 1 cm² of the well’s bottom, which was an approximate limit of the content of cells of the Bacillus spp. film per unit of area.

15

Fahotyp and sensitivity to medications phage film-forming strains Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from respiratory tract

63%

Voronkova O. S., Vinnikov A. I.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

|

2016

|

tom 51

The study of biological properties of filmforming Staphylococcus aureus strains, including its sensitivity to bacteriophages, is one of the important tasks of laboratory diagnostic service that allows, if it necessary, choose an alternative treatment strategy and to establish the sources of strains. In the study of material from the nose and throat of 26 persons-volunteers the strains of S. aureus were selected. Among them 16 (61.5%) were able to form biofilms. Analysis of resistance to phages drugs of filmformation strains of S. aureus showed that 87.5% strains were sensitive the phages drugs "Piobacteriophage" and "Bacteriophage staphylococcal liquid". Phage type was identified for 9 (56.3%) strains. 64.3% of these strains were sensitive to the 1 phage from set, 21.4% – to 2 and 14.3% – 3 phages. It was determined that 77.8% strains were typed by phages from third group. For 1 strain detected simultaneous sensitivity to phages of 2 and 3 groups. With phage 81 (out of group phage) interacted 4 strains: 2 showed sensitivity only to him and another 2 were also susceptible to phage of third group.

16

Effect of ciprofloxacin and N-acetylcysteine on bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on ureteral stent surfaces

51%

El-Feky M. A., El-Rehewy M. S., Hassan M. A., Abolella H. A., Abd El-Baky R. M., Gad G. F.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2009

|

tom 58

|

nr 3

261-267

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone and in combination on biofilm production and pre-formed mature biofilms on ureteral stent surfaces. Two strains each of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klehseilla pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris, recently isolated from patients undergoing ureteral stent removal and shown to be capable of biofilm production, were used in this study. The inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin, N-acetylcysteine and ciprofloxacin/N-acetylcysteine combination were determined by static adherence assay. Ciprofloxacin (MIC and 2 MIC) and N-acetylcysteine (2 and 4 mg/ml) inhibited biofilm production by ≥60% in all tested microorganisms. Disruption of pre-formed biofilms of all tested microorganisms was found to be ≥78% in the presence of ciprofloxacin (MIC and 2 MIC) and ≥62% in the presence of N-acetylcysteine (2 and 4 mg/ml), compared to controls. Ciprofloxacin/N-acetylcysteine showed the highest inhibitory effect on biofilm production (94-100%) and the highest disruptive effect on the pre-formed biofilms (86-100%) in comparison to controls. N-acetylcysteine was found to increase the therapeutic efficacy of ciprofloxacin by degrading the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of biofilms. These data are statistically significant. The inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin and N-acetylcysteine on biofilm production were also verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM). In conclusion, Ciprofloxacin/N-acetylcysteine combinations have the highest inhibitory effect on biofilm production and the highest ability to eradicate pre-formed mature biofilms.

17

Quantitative evaluation of biofilm formation in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) broth and in bovine serum (BS) of Candida albicans strains isolated from mucosal infections

51%

Krzysciak P.

Wiadomości Parazytologiczne

|

2011

|

tom 57

|

nr 2

Candida albicans is a major human fungal pathogen especially as an etiologic agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections. Moreover, C. albicans can be involved in the deep infections and recent evidence suggests that the majority of diseases produced by this pathogen are associated with biofilm growth. The aims of this study were to evaluate biofilm production ability of C. albicans strains isolated from different sources, and to evaluate the effect of serum for enhancement the growth of biofilm. The strains used in this study were obtained from three sources; 12 from feces of patients with gastrointestinal disturbances, 13 from the oral cavity of patients with oral candidiasis, and 16 from the vagina of patients with Candida vulvovaginitis (CVV). Polystyrene 96-well plates were used to grow biofilms and crystal violet (CV) staining method was used to evaluate the growth. There were no differences in biofilm growth expressed as CV absorbance between C. albicans strains from different origins neither in Yeast Nitrogen Base broth (YNB) or in bovine serum (BS) (ANOVA, P=0.1648, P=0.5106, respectively). In the BS, the biofilm production was greater than in YNB medium for all samples (ANOVA, P=0.0003).

18

Quenching of acyl-homoserine lactone-dependent quorum sensing by enzymatic disruption of signal molecules

51%

Czajkowski R., Jafra S.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2009

|

tom 56

|

nr 1

1-16

Many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria communicate using small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. This process, known as quorum sensing (QS), links cell density to the expression of genes as diverse as those associated with virulence factors production of plant and animal pathogens, bioluminescence, antibiotic production, sporulation or biofilm formation. In Gram-negative bacteria, this communication is mainly mediated by N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). It has been proven that inactivation of the signal molecules attenuates many of the processes controlled by QS. Enzymatic degradation of the signal molecules has been amply described. Two main classes of AHL-inactivating enzymes were identified: AHL lactonases which hydrolyse the lactone ring in AHLs, and AHL acylases (syn. AHL amidases) which liberate a free homoserine lactone and a fatty acid. Recently, AHL oxidoreductase, a novel type of AHL inactivating enzyme, was described. The activity of these enzymes results in silencing the QS-regulated processes, as degradation products cannot act as signal molecules. The ability to inactivate AHL (quorum quenching, QQ) might be useful in controlling virulence of many pathogenic bacteria.

19

Screening, characterization and biofilm formation of nickel resistant bacteria isolated from indigenous environment

51%

Wadood H. Z., Sabri A. N.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2013

|

tom 62

|

nr 4

Nickel resistant bacteria (ZB, ZC, ZD, ZL, ZK and SIX) were isolated from industrial effluents and corroded iron pieces from indigenous environment of Punjab, Pakistan. These six strains could tolerate nickel at different levels with ZB, ZC, ZD, ZL, ZK, and SIX having 233, 225, 267,233,228 and 296 mM minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nickel ions, respectively. These bacteria were sensitive to Cu⁺², Cr⁺³, CO⁺², and Al⁺³ as they did not grow even in the presence of 1 mM concentration of all these ions in minimal medium, whereas all of them were resistant to Fe⁺³ up to 1.3 mM in minimal medium. The best appropriate temperature for nickel resistant bacteria was 37°C and all of them showed maximum growth at pH 8. These bacteria were characterized morphologically and biochemically. Biofilm forming ability of the bacteria was checked with and without nickel stress and it was found that strains ZK and SIX were able to form a compact biofilm even under nickel stress. The sequencing of 16S rRNA-encoding genes from these nickel resistant bacteria showed that they belonged to four different genera namely, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Cronobacter.

20

Evaluation of quantitative PCR measurement of bacterial colonization of epithelial cells

51%

Schmidt M. T., Olejnik-Schmidt A. K., Myszka K., Borkowska M., Grajek W.

Polish Journal of Microbiology

|

2010

|

tom 59

|

nr 2

89-93

Microbial colonization is an important step in establishing pathogenic or probiotic relations to host cells and in biofilm formation on industrial or medical devices. The aim of this work was to verify the applicability of quantitative PCR (Real-Time PCR) to measure bacterial colonization of epithelial cells. Salmonella enterica and Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell line was used as a model. To verify sensitivity of the assay a competition of the pathogen cells to probiotic microorganism was tested. The qPCR method was compared to plate count and radiolabel approach, which are well established techniques in this area of research. The three methods returned similar results. The best quantification accuracy had radiolabel method, followed by qPCR. The plate count results showed coefficient of variation two-times higher than this of qPCR. The quantitative PCR proved to be a reliable method for enumeration of microbes in colonization assay. It has several advantages that make it very useful in case of analyzing mixed populations, where several different species or even strains can be monitored at the same time.

Ograniczanie wyników

Selected cellular mechanisms determining Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation under starvation conditions

The effect of oleanolic and ursolic acids on the hemolytic properties and biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes

Evaluation of susceptibility of polymer and rubber materials intended into contact with drinking water on biofilm formation

Ultrasound conditioning of Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ 447: growth, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production, and cell membrane permeability

Influence of silver and copper nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation

Effect of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on gas permeability of food wrapping foils

Activity of catabolic enzymes of film-forming strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Importance of eps genes from Bacillus subtilis in biofilm formation and swarming

Effects of allicin on the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and the production of quorum-sensing controlled virulence factors

Use of the real time xCelligence system for purposes of medical microbiology

Phylogenetic and biochemical characterization of a new halo-thermotolerant, biofilm-forming Bacillus from saline lake of Iran

Slime production by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from patients with diabetic foot ulcers

Biofilm formation as a virulence determinant of uropathogenic Escherichia coli Drplus strains

The characteristics of growth of bacilli formed fouling on wooden constructions

Fahotyp and sensitivity to medications phage film-forming strains Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from respiratory tract

Effect of ciprofloxacin and N-acetylcysteine on bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on ureteral stent surfaces

Quantitative evaluation of biofilm formation in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) broth and in bovine serum (BS) of Candida albicans strains isolated from mucosal infections

Quenching of acyl-homoserine lactone-dependent quorum sensing by enzymatic disruption of signal molecules

Screening, characterization and biofilm formation of nickel resistant bacteria isolated from indigenous environment

Evaluation of quantitative PCR measurement of bacterial colonization of epithelial cells