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Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are emotional disorders which are a serious hazard to the physical health or life. They most often affect girls and young women and disorganize their mental and social life. In this paper, complications caused by eating disorders as a result of deficiency or excessive loss of bioelements by an organism are reviewed along their influence on the quality of life. The symptoms of anorexia nervosa are the following: weight loss over 15% of the standard body mass for the age and height, severe fear of body weight gain despite clear evidence of weight deficiency. The main symptoms of bulimia involve uncontrolled overeating and counteracting weight gain which could occur after overeating episodes by self-induced vomitting or overuse of laxatives and diuretics. Medical complications of bulimia are related to the method and frequency of purgation, while in anorexia they are caused by starvation and weight loss. The following deviations are observed in both restrictive and bulimic forms on anorexia: hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and sometimes also hyponatremia, hypomegnesemia and hypochloremic alkalosis. Many electrolytic and acid abnormalities are found in bulimia depending on the method for laxation (self-induced vomitting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics). Most patients adapt well for a relatively long time to low levels of potassium in plasma but sometimes the situation may cause life threatening consequences, like dysrhythmia, paralytic ileus, neuropathy, muscle weakness and paresis. Physicians and patients should understand that anorexia nervosa is a systemic disease and can affect all body organs. Full knowledge about possible complications of anorexia nervosa allows physicians to achieve precise assessment and conduct appropriate treatment of patients when the diagnosis has already been made.
In this research, the No. 1 Sacharomyces cerevisiae brewery yeast strain capacity to bind the Mg2+ ions was studied. The yeast were cultivated in dynamic conditions in the YPD medium enriched with the MgSO4 · 7H2O or MgCl2 · 6H 2O magnesium salts. The salts were being added in such an amount, to make the sheer element content in the medium amounting to 0.25 g · dm-3; 0.5 g · dm-3 or 1.25 g · dm-3. The YPD medium was enriched with magnesium ions at the beginning of the cultivation or in the end of the logarithmic phase of yeast growth. In order to evaluate the durability of bonds of Mg2+ ions with brewery yeast cells, the magnesium content was indicated in the centrifuged yeast biomass that had and had not been washed with deionized water.
The Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is described as a cyclical disorder related to the hormonal changes during a menstrual cycle, which affects the emotional and physical health of many women during their reproductive period of life. The PMS can obviously change the quality of life. The syndrome is characterized by a complex group of symptoms, such as depression, irritability, mood swings, anxiety, abdominal discomfort. These signs occur during the luteal phase of a menstrual cycle and disappear after the onset of menses. Some studies suggest that a variety of nutrients may play an important role in the mood swings which occur cyclically during the course of the premenstrual syndrome and that some can have a beneficial impact, especially on the estrous phase of a menstrual cycle. The aim of the paper is to review the results of some studies concerning the role of bioelements in patients with the PMS. Concentrations of magnesium, zinc, selenium and manganese are the highest during menses and the lowest in the ovulatory phase. Fluctuations of the magnesium concentration during a menstrual cycle and the involvement of this element in many cellular pathways and neuromuscular activities obviously affect the incidence or intensity of the PMS symptoms. However, we lack firm evidence that magnesium supplementation can have a positive effect on alleviating the the PMSrelated ailments. Some relationship between the PMS and bone demineralization or depressed calcium concentration in blood has been identified. However, further studies are necessary to examine how the calcium concentration in a human body can decrease the intensity of the PMS symptoms.
Life and growth of plants and animals depends on some metals as micronutrients. However, certain forms of some metals can also be toxic, even in relatively small amounts, and therefore determine risk to the health of animals and people. Chromium is a heavy metal whose concentration in the environment is increasing. Chromium in inorganic systems occurs in several chemical forms. Only Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are significant in biological systems. Trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient component while excess chromium(VI) in biological systems has been implicated in specific forms of cancer.
The study aimed at determining which part of magnesium permanently bound with baker’s yeasts S. cerevisiae No. 102 during batch culture in control (YPD) and experimental medium (YPD with the addition of magnesium) remains in the cell wall and which undergoes intracellular bio-accumulation. The experimental media were supplemented with the amount of MgCl2*6H2O providing 1.25 g/dm3 content of Mg2+ ions. The cultures were run for 24 h at 28°C in a reciprocating shaker which provided aerobic conditions of the process. The application of enzymatic protoplastisation and mechanical disintegration of the yeast cells (at a temperature of liquid nitrogen) enabled determination of the contents of magnesium and total protein in both cell walls and protoplasts.
The study of blood serum for the content of Mg, K, Ca, Na, P and CI in blood serum was carried out on 47 healthy controls, 121 mentally handicapped, 27 psychiatric and 14 suffering from different somatic diseases. The patients were from Lublin, Zamość, Zwierzyniec, Krasnystaw, Łabunie, Ostrów Krupski. The study was carried out using atomie absorption spectrometer type Cobas Mira in the Central Laboratory of State Children's Hospital in Lublin. The results of the study revealed positive correlation between Mg and Ca in 47 healthy controls, similar correlation between Mg and K, Mg and P. In 162 patients correlation between Mg and P, and between Ca and P was also positive.
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Investigations of Ni content in human hair

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Effect of nickel (Ni) on human organism is still evaluated, although there are few research papers dedicated to this problem. The participation of Ni in carcinogenesis and allergic reactions is considered. Nickel is absorbed through the alimentary tract, lungs and skin. Concentration of Ni in blood and urine is low (about 1 μg L-1). More nickel has been determined in tissues such as liver, lungs and osseous tissue. The aim of this work was to assess the Ni level in human hair (n = 220, 110 women and 110 men) and correlations between Ni and other elements i.e. calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). Hair washed with acetone and redistilled water was mineralized in mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 acids. Content of the elements was determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry method AAS. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe was measured by the flame technique (FAAS), while concentration of Pb, Cd and Ni was analyzed by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace (GFAAS). The data were the subject of statistical analysis. The mean Ni concentration in the hair samples was 0.24 μg g-1 (median 0.17 μg g-1, range 0.01-1.77 μg g-1). Slightly more Ni was found in hair of women (0.25 μg g-1) than of men (0.22 μg g-1). Statistically higher concentrations of Ni were noticed in hair of men > 20 years than in younger men (p<0.05). Statistically significant positive correlations (for Zn, negative correlation) were established between Ni and Cd, Pb, and Cu concentration. Hair is available easily and noninvasively for tests and owing to a higher Ni level in hair than in physiological fluids, such tests help reduce analytical error. Therefore, hair is a very suitable material for monitoring elements in the human body.
Badano zdolność naturalnego wiązania jonów Mg2+ przez szczep drożdży paszowych Candida utilis (syn. Pichia jadinii) ATTC 9950. Hodowle drożdży prowadzono metodą wgłębną na podłożu YPD wzbogaconym w sole magnezu MgS04*7H20 lub MgCl2-6H20. Sole dodawano w takiej ilości, aby udział czystego pierwiastka w podłożu wynosił 0,25 g/dm3, 0,50 g/dm3 lub 1,25 g/dm3. Podłoże YPD wzbogacano w jony Mg2+ na początku hodowli lub pod koniec fazy logarytmicznego wzrostu drożdży. Dodatek magnezu w postaci MgCl2-6H20 sprzyjał wiązaniu tego pierwiastka z podłoża YPD przez drożdże paszowe, natomiast podany w postaci soli MgS04-7H20 pozwalał uzyskać wyższe plony biomasy komórkowej niż z podłoży YPD wzbogaconych w sól chlorkową. Najwięcej magnezu trwale związanego z biomasą komórkową (9,09 mg Mg2+/g s.s.) otrzymano po 48-godzinnej hodowli z dodatkiem soli chlorkowej w ilości l,25g Mg2+/dm3, wprowadzonej do podłoża pod koniec logarytmicznej fazy wzrostu.
Eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) is known for its high content of essential oils in leaves and fruits, which are used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Recently, teaberries have been attracting more interest owing to their content of polyphenolic compounds. The purpose of our study has been to determine the content of polyphenolic compounds (anthocyanins and total phenols) as well as their antioxidative activity and the concentration of several bioelements (Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn) in extracts from fruits of Eastern teaberry harvested in three different fruit maturity stages. The content of polyphenolic compounds depended on the harvest date. The highest level of these compounds was found in extracts from teaberries collected in the full maturity phase. All teaberry extracts, independently of the harvest date, demonstrated high antioxidative activity. Among the bioelements determined, teaberry extracts contained more calcium than magnesium and more iron than zinc. The content of such bioelements as Mg, Fe and Zn (in contrast to Ca) found in teaberry extracts did not depend on the harvest date.
The aim of the research was to investigate the transfer of heavy metals (lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)) and their antagonists in the group of essential micro-elements (magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)) from the organism of sheep to the organism of their offspring in milk. The research was carried out in two stages. The control group consisted of sheep with healthy milk glands, while the experimental group consisted of animals presenting subclinical mastitis. In the first stage of the research the distribution of toxic elements, Pb and Cd, administered per os to the mothers was studied by establishing their content in blood and milk. A measurable indicator for evaluating the transfer of toxic substances to milk, in both groups of animals was the content of the elements under investigation in the lambs’ blood. The concentrations of Mg, Cu and Zn were also ascertained in the biological material collected. The aim of the second stage of the study was to evaluate the transfer of the heavy metals as well as the essential elements from the organism of the mother to the offspring through healthy and pathologically altered milk glands. The mothers were administered a mixture of salts of Cd, Pb, Mg, Zn and Cu, which activated mechanisms of antagonistic and synergetic interaction between the toxic metals and the essential elements, as illustrated by the content of these metals determined in the blood and milk of the mothers and in the blood of the lambs. A proof of a favorable influence of Mg, Cu and Zn on the content of Pb and Cd in the blood and milk of the mothers was a 4-5 times lower content of Pb in the milk of ewes, as compared with the first stage of the research. The per os administration of Mg, Cu and Zn to the ewes showed their statistically significant increase in blood as well as milk. The reduction in the levels of Pb and Cd in the ewes’ milk, observed in the second stage of the research, was corroborated by their decreased content in the blood of the lambs in both groups of animals.
W slinie pacjentów z rozpoznanym klinicznie i histopatologicznie rakiem ptaskonabłonkowym w obrębie jamy ustnej oznaczono poziomy wybranych biopierwiastków: makro-i mikroelementów (Ca, Mg K, Na, Zn, Cu, Mn i Fe) porównując je z zawartościami w ślinie osób klinicznie zdrowych.
The effect of continuous exposure to lead (Pb) and ethanol on Pb turnover and zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) body status was studied in male Wistar rats. The animals received an aqueous solution of 10% (w/v) ethanol and/or 500 μg Pb/cm³ as the only drinking fluid for 12 weeks. Exposure to Pb as well as ethanol alone influenced the body status of Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca and Mg. Disturbances in their metabolism were reflected in decreased bioavailability, changes in serum and/or tissue concentrations and urinary excretion. The most serious disorders under Pb influence were observed in Fe metabolism, while ethanol alone disturbed mainly Fe, Cu and Zn body status. In the conditions of co-exposure to Pb and ethanol some changes were more or less evident and sometimes they had different direction than at separate intoxication. Moreover, simultaneous exposure to Pb and ethanol led to changes in the concentrations of Cu, Fe and Mg, which were not observed in the case of separate administration. The independent action of Pb and/or ethanol as well as the interactive effect of both substances involving the modifying influence of ethanol on Pb turnover could explain the changes in the metabolism of bioelements under combined exposure to Pb and ethanol. Our results seem to indicate that Pb-exposed human subjects abusing ethanol may be more vulnerable to the accumulation of Pb in body organs and metabolic disorders of some bioelements, which may in consequence enhance the risk of health injury.
Badano możliwość wiązania jonów Mg2+ przez szczep drożdży piwowarskich Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nr 1. Hodowle drożdży prowadzono na podłożu YPD wzbogaconym w sole magnezu MgS04-7H20 lub MgCl2-6H20, metodą stacjonarną (bez napowietrzania). Sole dodawano w takiej ilości, aby udział czystego pierwiastka w podłożu wynosił 0,25 g/dm3, 0,50 g/dm3 lub 1,25 g/dm3. Podłoże YPD wzbogacano w jony Mg2+ na początku hodowli lub pod koniec fazy logarytmicznego wzrostu drożdży. Celem oceny trwałości związania jonów Mg2+ z komórkami drożdży piwowarskich zawartość magnezu oznaczano w odwirowanej biomasie drożdży przemywanych i nie przemywanych wodą dejonizowaną. Badany szczep wykazał zdolność trwałego wiązania jonów Mg2+ z podłoży doświadczalnych. Dodatek MgCl2*6H20 sprzyjał wiązaniu magnezu z podłoża YPD przez drożdże piwowarskie oraz pozwalał uzyskać nieco wyższe plony biomasy (dla dawek jonów Mg2+ 0,50 g/dm3 i 1,25 g/dm3), niż z podłoży doświadczalnych z dodatkiem soli MgS04-7H20. Najwięcej magnezu trwale związanego z biomasą komórkową (15,20 mg Mg2+/dm3 podłoża) otrzymano po 24-godzinnej hodowli z dodatkiem soli chlorkowej w ilości 1,25 g Mg2+/dm3 podłoża.
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