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Apoptosis is the process involved in embryonic development and homeostasis maintenance of developed organisms. Furthermore, apoptosis is the mechanism of NK and T cells (CTL) cytotoxicity. The family of bcl-2 proteins plays a crucial role in regulation of cell death and consists both of proteins with pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bad, Bid, Bik), and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) activity. The present work was aimed at elucidating the role of Bax and Bcl-2 expression in pathogenesis of mousepox caused by virulent Moscow strain of Ectromelia virus (ECTV-MOS) in sensitive animals - BALB/c mice (H-2ᵈ). BALB/c mice were infected via footpad with ECTV-MOS and at 5, 10 and 15 day of infection, lymph nodes, livers and spleens were isolated and subjected to further research. The tests included measurement of: apoptosis using TUNEK assay, caspase-9 activity and bcl-2 and Bax expression. The results showed: (a) influence of ECTV-MOS upon expression of Bcl-2/Bax and subsequent transduction of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and (b) the role of Bcl-2 protein in suppression of apoptosis in Mø depending on specific immunological environment of infected organs.
An heterogeneous population of oocytes is usually collected from ovaries to be used f or several in vitro techniques. Sources of variability may be the age of oocytes, their growth stage, and the apoptosis grade. All these factors might affect an efficiency of in vitro embryo production. Although recently the new selection methods have been introduced, the in vitro embryo production efficiency does not exceed 40%. Much research is being done to determine the useful markers of oocyte developmental competence. The present review briefly describes selected biochemical and molecular markers. Subsequently the status of the members of Bcl-2 family proteins and the caspases (molecular markers) expression and their function in orchestrating cell death in oocyte and embryo were considered.
Previous studies have shown that mitochondria play a central role in the primary host defense mechanisms against numerous pathogens. These organelles are involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, which is one of the earliest responses to viral infection. The intrinsic pathway is tightly controlled by cellular Bcl-2 family proteins, which maintain the integrity with the outer mitochondrial membrane. Viruses have evolved multiple strategies to modulate apoptosis for their own purposes. Recent studies have discovered proteins encoded by the poxviruses, such as F1L, N1L, M11L, FPV039, ORF125, DPV022, and SPPV14, which have got a similar structure and/or functions as Bcl-2 family members. Newly identified poxviral proteins localize in mitochondria and interact with mitochondrial proteins to regulate cellular response. They are able to block the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and thereby allow the virus to replicate before its host cell dies.
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