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Bee pollen is a product of rich and varied chemical composition, and its biological activities are diverse. Many of these activities are related to the antioxidant effect of bee pollen. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of storage conditions on the antioxidant activity of bee pollen extracts. The study was conducted on three types of bee pollen extracts, namely, ethanol and pepsin extracts of bee pollen, as well as on ethanol extracts of pepsin-digested bee pollen. Antioxidant activity was determined by a DPPH method, directly after obtaining the extracts and after storing them for twelve months under various conditions, i.e. at –18°C in the dark, at 4-8°C in the dark, at room temperature in the dark, and at room temperature in the light. It was concluded that the 12-month storage of bee pollen extracts caused a decrease in the antioxidant activity of all extracts examined, and the decrease depended on storage conditions. The highest decrease in antioxidant activity was observed in all types of extracts stored at room temperature in the light. The lowest decrease in antioxidant activity was found in ethanol extracts of pepsin-digested bee pollen.
Bee anesthesia has long been widely used in scientific research and for practical purposes. Bee anesthesia is usually induced with carbon dioxide. It is required for such procedures as populating mating hives and cages, introducing queen bees and instrumental insemination. The oxygen to nitrogen ratio may play a very important role in the process of awakening. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the survival rate of worker bees after the application of different concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen in their recovery from anesthesia. The general purpose was to determine the optimal gas mixture for the fastest recovery and the longest survival of bees. The results of this study provide a basis for future experiments on queen bees aimed at accelerating the awakening from anesthesia with carbon dioxide during insemination as well as the initiation of laying eggs. The lowest bee mortality in the first days after awakening from anesthesia was observed in the group awoken in a mixture of 48.6% O₂ and 51.4% N₂, but the highest average survival rate was noted in the group awoken in 60% O₂ and 40% N₂.
The paper contains the description of mass poisoning of honey bees and the method used to determine dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, methoxychlor, and lindane in the insects. The ultrasound-aided extraction of pesticides from dead bees was conducted using dichloromethane and the analysis of the extracts was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The whole procedure was vatidated.
Toxic elements often occur in the natural environment at doses higher than the maximum allowable concentration. The honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is inextricably connected with the external environment, from which it obtains air and water and food. Bees are exposed to contaminants while collecting pollen, nectar, honeydew and water. Therefore, they are highly sensitive to all kinds of environmental pollution and water and air contamination. It is proven that there is a close relationship between the level of accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants and their content in the bodies of bees and in bee products. Bees are good biological indicators of environmental contamination. At the same time, heavy metals accumulate in bee products that are later consumed by humans and animals. Research on the content of these metals in the bodies and brood of bees is extremely important because the increased use of chemicals in agriculture and other environmental factors, such as pollution with toxic elements, affect the health and mortality of bees. This paper provides an overview of studies on the harmfulness and bioaccumulation of lead, mercury and cadmium in the bodies of bees and on the impact of these elements on living organisms.
These investigations aimed to evaluate the influence of acaricides used in Bulgaria (based on amitraz, cumaphos and fluvalinate) on some factors of the non-specific bee immunity in the appearance of chalkbrood. It was found that the changes of protein concentration and lysozyme amount in the haemolymph and the pH of bee intestine depend on different active substances of the drugs. Field trials canied out on 526 colonies revealed that the lower resistance of bees infected with Varroa jacobsoni was a cause of the appearance of chalkbrood. This resistance was additionally decreased by using the anti-Varroa mite product “Perizin”.
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