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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of some different environmental conditions prevailing during the development and ripening of Echinochloa crus-galli diaspores on their germination. Some seeds were tested in the autumn the same year, whereas others were divided into two groups: dispersed seeds and seeds within the inflorescence. Then the seeds of both groups were buried. After eight-month stratification in the soil, the diaspores were tested under the same conditions as the samples examined in the autumn. The seeds tested in the spring germinated faster than those tested in the autumn. Also the germination capacity of barnyard grass caryopses examined in the summer was almost twofold higher than the germination capacity of those examined in the autumn. Both autumn and spring tests revealed that the harvest time affected germination. The seeds obtained in the second half of August and at the beginning of September (in the middle of the growing season) were characterized by a higher germination capacity than the caryopses collected at the beginning and the end of the reproduction period. The results show that the germination capacity and rate were not influenced by the place of origin, habitat conditions and accompanying plants. It was found in spring tests that germination depended on the kind of dissemination unit stored in the soil. After eight-month soil stratification, dispersed caryopses germinated by approx. 20% better than those stored with a part of the inflorescence.
Field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of adjuvants on fenoxaprop-P-ethyl bioefficacy against wind grass (Apera spica-venti), wild oats (Avena fatua) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The commercial product Puma Universal 069 EW, which contains 69 g/l of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, was applied with different adjuvants in springtime in winter barley, winter triticale, winter wheat and spring wheat. The adjuvants have improved efficacy of Puma Universal 069 EW. Mineral paraffin oil (Atpolan 80 EC) was the most effective adjuvant.
A field experiment was conducted in 2007 to 2009 at Experimental Station Brody of Poznań University of Life Sciences to determine the effect of tillage, including strip tillage, conventional tillage and no tillage on weed pressure in corn. Strip tillage implementation included coulter, shank, covering disks and rolling basket. Cultivated straps were 35 cm wide and 20 cm deep at fall and spring strip tillage, 35 cm wide and 10 cm deep at shallow spring strip tillage and about 10–15 cm wide and 20 cm deep at narrow spring strip tillage. Conventional tillage was performed in the fall or spring with moldboard plow at a depth of 20 cm. Weed density for individual species was recorded prior postemergence herbicide application. Weed emergence was over eight times lower in strip tillage compared with conventional tillage with emergence patterns in strip tillage generally similar to the no tillage. Main weed species were Chenopodium album and Echinochloa crus-galli and this weeds density the most depended on tillage.
The aim of the performed investigation was to evaluate the role of common field weeds as a potential reservoir of maize pathogenic bacteria. The following weed species were used: Echinochloa crus-galli, Elymus repens, Poa annua, Alopecurus myesuroides, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Apera spica-venti and Avena fatua. The mentioned plants were inoculated with the isolates of maize pathogenic bacteria and cultivated in the greenhouse for six weeks. The reisolation and reidentification of bacteria was performed from weed plants showing the symptoms of bacterial infection. Two weed species showed the symptoms of bacterial infection caused by three bacterial isolates. Obtained results showed that in favorable environmental conditions certain weed species may be infected by maize bacterial species like Pantoea ananatis and Erwinia dissolvens and may be considered as potential reservoir of maize pathogenic bacteria.
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