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Phytophthora plurivora was the most often detected species from water using rhododendron baits. The species was isolated from water of two rivers, Jasieniec and Korabiewka, a water pond and a drainage canal from March to November, 2008 (in Korabiewka river also in December). The highest population density of P. plurivora was observed in March and April in water pond and canal, and in May in both analysed rivers. In laboratory trials all tested isolates colonized rhododendron and poplar leaves. Isolates from drainage canal were the most pathogenic for rhododendron. Isolates detected in March from water pond and two rivers caused the quickest spread of necrosis on leaf blades. On poplar leaves the fastest development of necrotic spots was observed when isolates obtained in June and November were used for inoculation, while the isolate from September sample was less pathogenic.
We examined the characteristics of fluorescent powder as dye in bait for the purpose of studying individual foraging areas of the root vole Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776). Colours were visible in the faeces 2-3 h after consumption, and were still evident 36-48 h after the removal of bait. It was possible to distinguish up to four different colours in faeces from one individual if the appropriate combination of coloured powder was used. The method is a better alternative to other markers commonly used in bait because only a small extra sampling effort is needed during trapping, and the observation of colours is relatively easy in UV-light. Because the persistance of the colour powder in the animal is relatively short, the method facilitates studies of short-term changes in foraging areas.
Toxic effects of Reslin 25 SE aerosol and Snip bait on a sensitive strain (SRS/WHO) and wild resistant population (Polianka) of the housefly were investigated. Higher than 90% mortality and knockdown effect was observed in houseflies exposed to Reslin 25 SE aerosol for ten minutes in laboratory and field experiments. The Snip bait caused 90% mortality and knockdown effect in the sensitive strain after 8-min exposure while demonstration of toxicity in the wild strain was decelerated considerably. Langer than 60 min action was needed to produce 90% mortality and knockdown effect in flies of the latter strain. A combined method of control of resistant flies using Reslin 25 SE aerosol and Snip bait was tested in practice in pig houses. During the 11 experimental weeks, from June 14 to August 28, 83 % (67-93) effectiveness was reached on average. The results obtained point to the high effectiveness of non-persistent insecticides when we apply them in combination using their aerosol and bait forms.
We investigated the reaction of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) to odors of conspecific individuals and that of wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in a mature forest in central Poland (52°20'N, 27°25'E). Our results show no difference in catching bank voles in traps using conspecific or wood mouse odors as bait.
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