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The main aim of the research is to evaluate the applicability of craniometric methods to living animals as well as to define the range of values derived from measuring the heads of brachycephalic types of dogs and their calculated indices. Investigations were conducted on 78 dogs, both male and female, of different age, that belonged to six different breeds: Pekingese, Small Brabant, Griffon Bruxellois, French Bulldog, Pug and English Bulldog (tab.1). A zoometric divider was used to carry out the measurements. On the basis of methods used in craniometry proper, points were established on the heads of the living dogs. Among the craniometric measures were: skull length (AP); cranial length (NA); viscerocranial length (NP) and maximum zygomatic width (ZyZy). The following indices: skull index, length-length index-2, facial index and length-width index-2 were calculated on the basis of the obtained data. The skull index was treated as a basis for evaluating the morphotype while the other indices served as additional tools. The results confirm that the measurements carried out on living animals are adequate to their equivalents in craniometry. The skull index for brachycephalic dogs was calculated and was found to be between 80-100.
Anabolic hormones residue in slaughter animals in Poland Examinations of anabolic hormones residues were started in Poland in 1990. Up until now, 1190 animals (cattle, pigs and horses) were tested for residues of stilbenes: diet- hylstilbestrol, hexoestrol, dienestrol; zeranol and trenbo- lone acetate; 400 animals were examined for the presence of non-testosterone, 594 cattle for trenbolone and 199 cattle for medroxyprogesterone acetate. Two hundred and ninety cattle were examined for natural oestradiol 17B and testosterone. Serum natural hormone levels were detected by ELISA, the remaining hormones by HPTLC. No positive results were obtained during the three-year period of examinations. The results show that no anabolic hormones are used for stimulation of slaughtered animals
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm, the larval forms of which are causative agents of cystic echinococcosis: a dangerous, widespread zoonotic disease. It is a cosmopolitan species, found in many countries on all continents, thus threatening the productivity of livestock and the health of the people around the world. With the development of molecular methods, several distinct species were separated from E. granulosus s.l., differing in host range, geographical distribution, morphology of mature and larval forms, time of maturation and location of the larvae in individual organs. The purpose of the present review is to summarize current knowledge about the epidemiology and geographical distribution within the species E. granulosus s.l. in definitive hosts (dogs) as well as intermediate hosts (livestock). The paper also indicates the most epidemiological relevant genotypes of E. granulosus in a particular area. Moreover, methods of diagnosis of the parasite and the risk factors favorable to its spread and infection are described in this article.
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