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1

Anomalies of the inferior vena cava: a report of two cases and a short review of the literature

100%
Kapetanakis S., Papadopoulos C., Galani P., Dimitrakopoulou G., Fiska A.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 3
The inferior vena cava, also known as the posterior vena cava, is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava result from the persistence of the embryonic venous system. The majority of cases are clinically silent and are diagnosed in routine dissection studies, in retroperitoneal surgeries, or through imaging for other reasons. Although these anomalies are rare, they are of great importance during operations in the abdominal area or in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. We report two cases of double vena cava and left vena cava, respectively, and a short review of the relevant literature. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 3: 123–127)
2

Vascularization of atria of the human heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification

86%
Krupa U.
Folia Morphologica
|
1995
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tom 54
|
nr 2
3

Unified reinterpretation of blood-flow kinematics as experimentally obcervable by means of standard echocardiography in terms of Riccati differential equation

86%
Cwetsch A.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Biological Sciences
|
2001
|
tom 49
|
nr 2
4

Analysis of the course and the ostium of the oblique vein of the left atrium

86%
Cendrowska-Pinkosz M., Urbanowicz Z.
Folia Morphologica
|
2000
|
tom 59
|
nr 3
Considerating the origin of the coronary sinus and the oblique vein of the left atrium, both are remnants of the left horn of the embryonal venous sinus. The studies were carried out on 100 human cadaver hearts. The causes of death were not cardiac reasons, no detectable changes in the coronary arteries. In the study, dissections and corrosion technique were used. Heart veins were filled by metacrylan through the coronary sinus. The beginning, the course, the tributaries and the ostium oblique vein of the left atrium to the coronary sinus were investigated. The variability of the length and the venous tributaries and the ostium of the oblique vein of the left atrium were noticed. The variability of the venous tributaries (the dendritic, forked and simple types of the tributaries) was noticed. Four groups of ostium were observed. The ostium oblique vein of the left atrium was situated at the level of: the posterior vein of the left ventricle and also the great cardiac vein, the posterior vein of the left ventricle, the great cardiac vein and the independence ostium.
5

Planar measurements of foetal lateral ventricles

72%
Glonek M., Kedzia A., Derkowski W.
Folia Morphologica
|
2003
|
tom 62
|
nr 3
263-265
To compare the linear dimensions (width) of the foetal atrium and occipital horns to their areas, 31 foetuses (15–24 weeks, C-R 12.5–23.5 mm) from spontaneous abortions were evaluated. Images of the axial sections of the brains were transferred to computer and Scion for Windows 98 software was used for image analysis. 11 brains appeared normal and 20 were abnormal (leukomalacia in 9 cases, periventricular and intraventricular haemorrhage in 6 cases, ventriculomegaly in 3 cases, colpocephaly in 1 case, vascular malformation in 1 case). High-range linear and planar asymmetries in the atrium and occipital horns were observed both in normal and abnormal brains. There was no close correlation between the width and the area of the structures under investigation, although it was stronger in case of the occipital horns. The wider occipital horns and atria often had a smaller area than the narrower ones. Some abnormal cerebral hemispheres had relatively narrow atria and occipital horns in comparison with their large areas. Further investigation should be carried out to assess the utility and potential superiority of planar measurements over linear in the image diagnosis of foetal ventricles.
6
Content available remote

Identification of a presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the guinea-pig atrium and sequencing of the guinea-pig CB1 receptor

72%
Kurz C. M., Gottschalk C., Schlicker E., Kathmann M.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
|
2008
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tom 59
|
nr 1
We studied whether cannabinoid CB1 receptors occur on the sympathetic neurones innervating the guinea-pig atrium and renal cortex. Atrial and cortical kidney pieces preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline were superfused and the electrically (3 Hz)-evoked tritium overflow was examined. The evoked overflow in atrium was inhibited by the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 maximally by 35%; its concentration-response curve was shifted to the right by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant (pA2 8.3), which, by itself, did not affect the evoked overflow. The evoked overflow in the renal cortex was not altered by WIN 55,212-2. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine and prostaglandin E2 inhibited the evoked overflow maximally by 55 and 65% in atrium and by 80 and 55% in kidney, respectively. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence of the guinea-pig CB1 receptor was determined (GenBank DQ355990). The deduced amino acid sequence has a high homology to the corresponding sequence of man (98.7%) and rat or mouse (99.2%). In conclusion, presynaptic CB1 receptors leading to inhibition of noradrenaline release occur in guinea-pig atrium but not renal cortex. The deduced amino acid sequence of the guinea-pig CB1 receptor shows a homology of 99% to the CB1 receptor sequence of rodents and humans.
7

Distribution of costameric proteins in normal human ventricular and atrial cardiac muscle

58%
Di Mauro D., Gaeta R., Arco A., Milardi D., Lentini S., Runci M., Rizzo G., Magaudda L.
Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica
|
2009
|
tom 47
|
nr 4
8

Atrial expression of the CCN1 and CCN2 proteins in chronic heart failure

58%
Bonda T. A., Kaminski K. A., Dziemidowicz M., Litvinovich S., Kozuch M., Hirnle T., Dmitruk I., Chyczewski L., Winnicka M. M.
Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica
|
2012
|
tom 50
|
nr 1
9

Preliminary study of external interatrial muscle fascicles

58%
Kozlowski D., Kaminski R., Piwko G., Gawrysiak M., Owerczuk A., Piszczatowska G., Budrejko S., Kozlowska M., Duda B., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2002
|
tom 61
|
nr 2
97-101
The atria are highly complex multidimensional structures composed of a heterogeneous branching network of subendocardial muscular bundles. The relief of the inner part of the right atrium includes the crista terminalis as well as multiple pectinate muscles that bridge the thinner atrial free walls and appendages. However, a handful of studies have focused attention on the role of the naturally occurring complexities of the atrial subendocardial muscle structures in the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. In accordance with the facts mentioned above, it was decided to examine the morphology and topography of the external interatrial junctions and related structures in order to define the possible anatomical basis of impulse propagation in focal atrial fibrillation. Research was conducted on material consisting of 15 human hearts of both sexes (female — 6, male — 9) from 18 to 82 years of age. In addition we were concerned, on the basis of the history and electrocardiograph tracings, that none of the patients had shown focal and non-focal type of atrial fibrillation. The classic macroscopic methods of anatomical evaluation were used. The walls of the atria were prepared via a stereoscopic microscope, the pericardium and fatty tissue were eliminated from the surface of the atria, visualising muscle fibres linking both of the atria, and the beginnings and the endpoints of fascicles in the right and left atrium were estimated. The structure, large muscle bundle, was present in all examined hearts. The muscle fascicle was descending from the anterior wall of the right atrium just below the orifice of the superior vena cava. The fascicle, running towards the left atrium, divided into two branches, one of which joined with the superior fascicle from the posterior wall and created one running above the interatrial septum and infiltrating into the wall of the left atrium on its superior surface between the superior pulmonary veins. The other branch of the anterior fascicle was running across the anterior wall of the atria and it penetrated into the left atrium muscle in the region of the inferior pole of the left auricle outlet. On the posterior wall of the atria three types of interatrial fascicles were distinguished: unifascicular, bifascicular and trifascicular. The bifascicular type was the most frequent configuration (9 cases — 60.0%), in 5 cases it was trifascicular (33.3%) and finally the unifascicular configuration was observed in just 1 heart (6.7%). On the basis of our study we can conclude that the external interatrial fascicles are the constant structure of the heart, although they may have a variable morphology. Those structures could be responsible for physiological conduction between the atria and may play an important role in patients with atrial fibrillation.
10

Morphology of the tendon of Todaro within the human heart in ontogenesis

58%
Kozlowski D., Grzybiak M., Kozluk E., Owerczuk A.
Folia Morphologica
|
2000
|
tom 59
|
nr 3
The tendon of Todaro, found in the right atrium of the heart, has considerable clinical importance in the fields of both cardiac surgery and invasive cardiology. The goal of this study was to examine the occurrence and degree of development of the tendon of Todaro in humans. Research was conducted on material consisting of 160 human hearts of both sexes from the age of 14 Hbd to 87 years of age. Classical anatomical methods were used and histological sections were prepared from 100 hearts of various age groups stained with Masson’s method in Goldner’s modification. The tendon of Todaro occurred in all examined hearts. In foetal hearts, in the area typical of the course of the tendon of Todaro, a very well-developed, white structure was observed, convexed into the lumen of the atrium. Histologically, this was young fibrous tissue with a characteristically large number of fibroblasts. Evenly in infants and newborns, a visible convex structure was also observed extending into the lumen of the right atrium, however, to a lesser degree than in foetuses. In the group of hearts of young adults, it was also possible to follow the course of the tendon of Todaro macroscopically. However, the older the heart was, the less the convex was visible, and in older adults it was completely invisible. In histological sections, it was observed that with ageing the number of connective tissue cells decreased, and fibres forming the lining increased. In the hearts of older adults the tendon of Todaro formed very small ribbons of connective tissue. Histologically, only small numbers of cellular elements were noticed. In the adult heart the examined tendon was located the deepest and did not connect to the endocardium. We can conclude that the tendon of Todaro is a stable structure, occurring in all examined hearts even when it is not macroscopically visible. Due to the morphological changes that affect the tendon of Todaro in human ontogenesis, for the cardiac surgeon, its relevance as an important topographical structure in the hearts of older adults is minimal.
11

The topography of the subthebesian fossa in relation to neighbouring structures within the right atrium

58%
Kozlowski D., Owerczuk A., Piwko G., Kozlowska M., Bigus K., Grzybiak M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2003
|
tom 62
|
nr 1
The majority of anatomical structures within the heart during typical atrial flutters’ ablation, right sided accessory pathway ablation or slow pathway ablation are invisible or blurred. Therefore it is very important to know in details interior right atrial structures during such procedures. In the neighborhood of coronary sinus orifice small concavity is visible. This area, called subthebesian fossa, is placed between the os of coronary sinus, the orifice of vena cava inferior and tricuspid annulus. The fossa is on the way of typical atrial flutters’ reentrant circuit and is placed next to the isthmus area, which has become a target site for ablative therapy. Regarding the facts mentioned above we decided to examine the topography of this concavity in relation to neighboring structures. Research was conducted on material consisting of 45 human hearts of both sexes, from 19 to 71 years of age. The hearts came from patients whose death was not cardiologic in origin. The topography of the fossa was examined in relation to coronary sinus orifice (diameter A), vena cava inferior orifice (diameter B) and the attachment of the posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve (diameter C). Besides we measured two perpendicular sizes in the inlet plane of the fossa. There were the longest size (diameter D) and the shortest size of the fossa (diameter E). We also defined deepness of the fossa (diameter F). Diameter A was from to 2 to 7 mm (avg. 4.9 ± 1.4 mm), diameter B from 2 to 8 mm (avg. 4.0 ± 1.6 mm) and diameter C from 5 to 9 mm (avg. 7.0 ± 1.5 mm). The longest size in inlet plane of the concavity (diameter D) was from 12 to 18 mm (avg.14.1 ± 1.7 mm) and shortest size (diameter E) was from 7 to 14 mm (avg. 9.0 ± 1.7 mm). The deepness of the fossa (diameter F) was from 2 to 7 mm (avg. 4.8 ± 1.2 mm). The subthebesian concavity is inconstant anatomical structure, occurring in all forty five examined hearts (100%). The shape and sizes of the subthebesian fossa were variable in examined group of hearts. Our data suggest that differences in diameters between subthebesian fossa and neighboring structures may have clinical importance during ablation procedure.
12

Correlation of myofibrillar ATPase activity and myosin heavy chain content in ventricular and atrial myocardium of fish heart

58%
Karasinski J., Sokalski A., Kilarski W.
Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica
|
2001
|
tom 39
|
nr 1
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