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Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae devoid of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase are hypersensitive to a range of oxidants, hyperbaric oxygen and hyperosmotic media, show lysine and methionine auxotrophy when grown under the atmosphere of air and have a shortened replicative life span when compared to the wild-type strain. Ascorbate and other antioxidants can ameliorate these defects, which may be a basis of simple tests sensing the presence of antioxidants. In particular, tests of growth on solid medium (colony formation) in the absence of methionine and/or lysine, or in the presence of 0.8 M NaCl can be useful for detection and semiquantitative estimation of compounds of antioxidant properties. Hypoxic atmosphere was found to increase the sensitivity of detection of antioxidants. The test of abolishment of lysine auxotrophy showed a concentration dependence of the antioxidant effects of cysteine and N-acetylcysteine which, however, lost their protective action at high concentration, in contrast to glutathione which was effective also at higher concentrations.
In the last decade contradictory results have been published as to whether exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can increase salt stress tolerance in cultivated plants by inducing an antioxidant response. Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10-4 M), low concentrations were ineffective. An efficient accumulation of Na+ in older leaves is a well-known response to salt stress in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rio fuego) but it remains largely unexplored whether young and old leaves or root tissues have a distinct antioxidant status during salt stress after hardening with 10-7 M or 10-4 M SA. The determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity revealed that the SAinduced transient increases in these enzyme activities in young leaf and/or root tissues did not correlate with the salt tolerance of plants. Salt stress resulted in a tenfold increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of young leaves and significant increases in APX and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of the roots hardened with 10-4 M SA. Both total ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione pools reached their highest levels in leaves after 10-7 M SA pre-treatment. However, in contrast to the leaves, the total pool of AsA decreased in the roots under salt stress and thus, due to low APX activity, active oxygen species were scavenged by ascorbate non-enzymatically in these tissues. The increased GR activities in the roots after treatment with 10-4 M SA enabled plants to enhance the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool and maintain the redox status of AsA under high salinity, which led to increased salt tolerance.
Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) and concentration of ascorbate, a-tocopherol, non-protein and protein-bound sulfhydryi compounds and thio- barbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-rs) were measured in liver and serum of rats 6, 12 and 24 h and 2, 5 and 7 days after intoxication with 1.5 g or 3.0 g methanol/kg b.w. Liver GSH-Px and GSSG-R activities and SH-groups and ascorbate content were significantly diminished at 6 and 24 h, while TBA-rs were increased. Serum SOD, GSH-Px and GSSG-R activities and SH-groups concentration were reduced while TBA-rs were elevated. The changes were more intensive after application of the higher dose of methanol. It is concluded that methanol impairs the liver and blood serum antioxidant mechanisms in rats.
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Stability of ascorbyl palmitate molecule in the rat brain

67%
Recent investigations have shown the ability of ascorbyl palmitate (AP), a bioactive, lipid-soluble ester of ascorbic acid (AA), to penetrate neural tissues. This study seeks to determine the occurrence of hydrolysis of AP molecule in brain tissue, which could rather point to the action of AA alone carried over the biological barrier and then released from the AP compound. The integrity of AP molecule was examined qualitatively in the rat brain by thin-layer-chromatography. AP was injected into an internal carotid artery in a dose of 75 mg per rat after tying off the common and external carotid arteries at the same side. The rats were sacrificed 15 min later, the brain tissue was extracted with chloroform/methanol and chromatographed. The AP bands plated from the samples ispilateral to the injection side strictly corresponded to the AP standard's location and were clearly separated from the AA standard with no overlap. The experiment showed that AP resists hydrolysis in the brain and thus the short-term biological effects of AP may be ascribed to the action of an intact ester molecule. The results may help elucidate the biological action of AP, a compound that increasingly attracts attention for biomedical use due to its antioxidant potential and ability to penetrate into the membrane signaling target sites.
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