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Aroma in samples of two varieties of Agaricus bisporus, i.e. KORONA 7 and EUROMYCEL 12, was analysed in terms of contents of eight carbon atom compounds (1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 2-octen-1-ol). Carpophores were harvested in 4 flushes according to their cap sizes. Quantitatively the dominant compound in all samples was 1-octen-3-ol, found in the highest concentrations in the 1st flush of yielding. The analysis of variance for factorial experiments, performed for both cultivars in one cultivation cycle – 2001/2002 and for one variety – KORONA 7 in two cycles, showed the effect of mushroom variety, flush of yielding and carpophores size on contents of dry matter and aromatic volatiles. Carpophores of a smaller cap diameter were characterised by a higher dry matter content and usually also higher contents of aromatic volatiles. In contrast, the effect of flush of yielding was different: the highest content of dry matter was recorded in the 4th flush, while that of aromatic compounds in the 1st flush.
The phenomenon of chirality, common in nature, pertains also to food components. The effect of the chiral structure of chemical compounds is the occurrence of optical isomers, i.e. enantiomers. The only source of optically active substances are living organisms, which produce most frequently mostly one of isomers. Proteins and carbohydrates are chiral: amino acids are found in proteins only in the L form, whereas carbohydrates are formed of D-saccharides. Enantiomers may exhibit diverse behaviour in reactions with biologically active compounds of living organisms. Chiral structure of proteins turned out to be significant in the perception of taste perceptions as well as the perception of aroma. The most characteristic phenomenon is chirality among odorants. Numerous compounds essential for aroma are found in nature in the form of two isomers, with considerable predominance of one of them, while the ratio of these isomers is specific and stable. Enantiomers of odorants may differ in the intensity and character of their smell. The phenomenon of chirality has been known since mid-1800; however, it then constituted a serious analytical problem. Only the development of methods facilitating the separation of optical isomers created a possibility to investigate its universality and importance in living organisms. The application of more and more advanced analytical techniques in the control of chiral nature of food ingredients may be used to detect adulterations and especially to determine authenticity of fragrances.
The presented Part I of the review provides current information about colour, flavour and aroma, tenderness, pH, water-holding capacity and drip loss, shelf-life and microbial load, cold shortening and cooking losses of ostrich meat which is darker and contains more redness compound compared to the beef or pork. On average, ostrich meat has been classified as intermediate with regular (<5.8) to high (>6.2) pH as measured 24 h post-slaughter, generally with a rapid decline of pH. Tenderness of ostrich meat depends on type of muscle from which it originates. Its water-holding capacity is lower compared to pork or chicken meat, but similar to veal and beef. Cited are 60 references.
Odour and odorants may affect the quality of life of exposed individuals. A review of the literature on olfaction and reactions to odours was carried out with the aim of reaching an understanding of their influence on well-being and health, and to suggest possible improvements in odour environment. This review has focussed specifically on the impact of animal production emissions. Factors like emission and air movements form the physical odour levels, and individual parameters involving psychological and social factors determine the human response. An odour may have positive as well as negative effects on well-being. Learning may be important for induced approach or avoidance behaviour. Common sites of irritation and injury from odorants are the respiratory organs and the nose. In most cases, the protection system triggered by the trigeminal nerve prevents severe effects. Increased frequencies of a number of respiratory and stress-related symptoms are found in the vicinity of animal production facilities. Explanations may be odour-mediated symptoms through annoyance and/or co-existing compounds like dust and gases with synergistic effects. Besides hydrogen sulphide, a number of gases related to animal production have hazardous properties and might be contributory elements despite their low concentrations. Important factors affecting mood, stress, and perceived health are odour levels, exposure time, sensitivity, unpleasantness, cognition and coping. Odour unpleasantness influences annoyance and might be interesting for regulatory purposes.
Odpowiednie zachowanie aromatu, zdolność rehydratacyjna oraz właściwości sensoryczne są cechami jakościowymi pozwalającymi zakwalifikować susz do zastosowania w koncentratach zup i mieszanek warzywnych. W opracowaniu porównano cechy jakościowe suszu mikrofalowo-próżniowego z suszem konwekcyjnym i liofilizatem. Susz otrzymany nową metodą mikrofalowo-próżniową charakteryzował się dobrą zdolnością rehydratacyjną oraz wysokim stopniem zachowania związków lotnych, które są odpowiedzialne za aromat.
Sensory qualities, such as the taste, the aroma or the color, that we receive by means of our senses;, are identification feature of every types of beer. There are lots of factors, that have an influence on these qualities. There are internal factors, that come from materials by beer production, and external factors, that are connected with all stages of production.
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