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The paper discusses the methodical problems encountered when making up the list of archaeophytes appearing in Poland. The updated list of archaeophytes (Tab.1) including data on their appearance in archaeological excavations according to the Archaeobotanical Data Base (Lityńska-Zając unpublished) has been attached as one of the principal parts of the paper.
The study is focused on evaluating changes in the presence of alien species in ruderal vegetation. Two datasets comprising phytosociological relevés of ruderal communities during two time periods within the Bratislava City (in southwestern Slovakia) were analyzed. The old dataset consisted of 387 relevés recorded in the years 1975–1982, and the more recent dataset consisted of 308 relevés from the years 2011–2014. The relevés from both time periods were assigned to phytosociological classes via the same procedure – numerical classification (hierarchical clustering) using HIERCLUS software. The average values of the percentage number and percentage cover of the archaeophytes and neophytes as groups in the earlier and more recent relevés of each class were compared by the main effects ANOVA analysis in the STATISTICA 7.0 software. The proportion of each taxon of archaeophytes and neophytes in both datasets was also calculated. The invasive status, origin, and life forms of alien species in both datasets were compared. In total, both datasets comprised 120 archaeophytes and 71 neophytes. The old dataset contained more archeaophytes than the more recent dataset. On the contrary, the more recent dataset contained more neophytes than the old dataset. In the years 2011–2014, more invasive neophytes were recorded than in the past. The results revealed a statistically significant decrease in the average percentage number of archaeophytes in the classes Stellarietea mediae, Artemisietea vulgaris, and Galio-Urticetea, and a decrease in the average percentage cover of archaeophytes in the class Artemisietea vulgaris, compared to the past. On the contrary, a statistically significant increase in the average percentage number and cover of neophytes in the classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Galio-Urticetea was recorded. Some rare species of archaeophytes were only recorded 30 years ago (e.g., Kickxia elatine, Silene gallica). Furthermore, several species of neophytes (including some invasive taxa, e.g., Fallopia japonica, Helianthus tuberosus, Juncus tenuis) occur only currently in the ruderal vegetation of Bratislava.
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Segetal flora of the Lukow Plain

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The aim of the study was to characterize and analyze the segetal flora of the Łuków Plain. The study was carried out from 2003 to 2006 in 182 towns and villages. Vascular flora of the arable fields in the area under study consists of 305 species belonging to 39 families and 168 genera. The analysed flora is characterised by the prevalence of native species (64.6%) over alien species (35.4%). Archaeophytes dominate among anthropophytes, whereas meadow species are the most frequent in the group of apophytes. Annuals and biennials show a slight prevalence over perennials. The analysis of the life-form categories shows the dominance of therophytes (52.8%) as well as a relatively high share of hemicryptophytes (34.4%) and geophytes (12.5%). In the analysed flora, rare and very rare species constitute a vast majority (61.7%), whereas the common and very common species reach 13.1%.
Field research on the ruderal flora of fifteen abandoned villages in Kampinos National Park revealed that among the 550 vascular plant species identified, 13% represent the oldest flora settlers, or archeophytes. The number of archeophytes in particular villages varied from 28 to 46. Only 8 species were present in all of the villages: Armoracia rusticana, Ballota nigra, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Descurainia sophia, Geranium pusillum, Malva neglecta, Urtica urens and Viola arvensis. Distribution of the archeophytes in particular villages was generally low. Only Descurainia sophia and Capsella bursa-pastoris were common. The study detected the results of ongoing intensive depopulation in most of the villages followed by a decrease in anthropopressure. The de-synanthropization of the areas studied caused the extinction of several species that were once common. Among the rare and endangered species of synanthropic flora of Kampinos National Park 24 archeophytes were found, including such rare species as Asperugo procumbens, Atriplex rosea, Chenopodium ficifolium and Papaver strigosum.
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