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Data concerning the effect of spring frosts on the survival of fl ower buds of several apple and pear cultivars, as well as on the damage caused by spring frosts to apple fruit are presented in the present paper. Observations were conducted in experimental and commercial orchards in the Lublin area in the years 2000, 2005 and 2007. The lowest temperature in spring in the consecutive years occurred on the following dates: 2000 – 3rd and 4th May, 2005 – 1st April and 22nd May, and 2007 – 2nd and 4th May. The most serious damages of buds were found in apple trees of Red Boskoop, Rubin and Jonagold cvs. grown in the experimental orchard in Felin (Lublin) (this was an average value for the years 2000 and 2007), whereas the buds of the late fl owering cultivars of Golden Delicious Smoothee, Royal Gala and Ligol survived with signifi cantly lesser damages. These observations generally confi rmed those made in commercial orchards in 2005 and 2007, in which buds of cv. Elise also showed high resistance to spring frosts. Pear trees of cv. Concorde showed low damage to fl ower buds in 2007 and produced a reasonably good crop. Fruits of cv. Jonagold and its mutations Wilmuta, Jonica, Decosta and Rubinstar proved to be very sensitive to spring frosts, as well as fruits of cv. Lired. The positive infl uence of the Polish rootstock P60 on fl ower bud survival was observed in the year 2000. However, this was not confi rmed in 2007, thus further observations are necessary to check these effects.
This paper, on the basis of a 5-year study (1996-2000), attempts to answer the following question: do the changes in enzymatic activity observed in an apple-tree orchard at a prolonged (20-year) application of triazine herbicides indicate the degradation processes in soil? In the soil of herbicide-triggered fallow land, the activity of the enzymes under scrutiny was subject to a significant inhibition. Among the enzymes analyzed, the activity of phosphatases was the most sensitive indicator for soil contamination with triazine herbicides. In the light of the obtained results, the criticism of the application of triazine herbicides in orchard-related cultivation is justified. It is recommended that they be replaced with other methods of weed control. However, that requires further research into the activity of enzymes for other types of soils used intensively for orchard-related purposes.
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