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The present study was planned to evaluate the toxic effects of ribavirin on the reproductive parameters in the male Wistar rat. Rats (11–13 weeks old) were treated with 5 injections (i.p.) of 20, 100 or 200 mg/kg/day ribavirin at intervals of 24 h. The testes were processed for histopathological analysis on days 14, 35, 70 and 105 after the last exposure. The parameters studied were body weight, the weights of the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate, seminiferous tubular diameter (STD), epithelial height (SE), epithelial sloughing, incidence of stage XIV tubules, sperm abnormality and total serum level of testosterone. Data were analysed by ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test for significances between different groups. There was a decrease in body weight and organ weights, excluding those of the testis and epididymis, against control at higher dose-levels. Ribavirin induced the formation of vacuoles, gaps and sloughing of the seminiferous epithelium. The STD, SE and the incidences of stage XIV tubules decreased on days 14 and 35. Ribavirin also induced the formation of sperm with microcephaly and cephalocaudal junction defects, with or without fibrils jetting out. All these morphological defects recovered to control limit by day 105. The serum level of testosterone was decreased at all dose-levels and time points, although recovery had started by day 105. In conclusion, ribavirin is gonadotoxic in male rats but the effects are reversible after a period of 105 days. However, the endocrine-disrupting properties of ribavirin persist beyond this period.
The results of studies on the effects of low molecular weight acidic solution peptides on the growth and development of the marbled crayfish artificial cultivation.An increasing weights of juvenile freshwater crayfish under the influence of dietary supplement "Albuvir" drug. With the use of histological methods of research, found the impact of 0.01 % solution of the drug on the state of the marbled crayfish lobules of hepatopancreas and fat cells. Developed a method for growing juvenile freshwater crayfish with "Albuvir", which allows to increase the weight gain of crustaceans on 24.3–27.2 % and reduce the level of cannibalism at 20 %.
The results obtained in our laboratory on investigating of substrate properties of a large number of compounds towards different DNA polymerases have been summarized. On the basis of systematic analysis a directed synthesis of nucleotides with antiviral properties was performed.
Many anti-cancer and antiviral drugs currently used are either unable, or inefficient in their ability to pass through the blood brain-barrier and to enter and maintain therapeutic drug levels in brain. The low bioavailability of these drugs is a limiting factor in their use. In order to overcome these limitations, we ester-linked various anti-cancer and antiviral drugs to ceramide and phosphatidylcholine and created prodrugs possessing therapeutic attributes lacking in the parent compounds. This resulted in greater cellular uptake and prolonged retention of these prodrugs in vitro. Likewise, prodrug concentration was greater and retention time longer than the parent drug in the brain, testes and thymus of mice. Another major goal in drug development is discovering compounds that have efficacy against a specific microorganism or virus without significant side effects. For example, many potentially good drugs cannot be used because they are either toxic to uninfected cells or they cannot be restricted to a certain part of the body. If a drug could remain inert unless and until it is inside an infected cell, many of the common problems associated with drug treatments would be solved. In an attempt to address this problem we are developing a method by which a drug will be released only in cells that are infected with a particular microorganism or virus. The methodology makes use of the fact that microparticles are ingested by macrophages. Cell-specific treatment can be achieved by combining a drug with a microparticle using microorganism-specific enzyme substrates. Thus, release of active drug will occur only in the presence of enzymes specific to the target virus or microorganism. In the uninfected macrophage drug remains bound to the microparticle and is inactive. In the infected cell active drug is released by enzymatic hydrolysis. Potential applications for this technology include all diseases in which pathogens are resident in macrophages and other phagocytic cells.
The analysis of the history of the research on antivirals especially the treatment of III V-l-infected individuals with antivirals which were developed prior to the current AIDS epidemic led to suggest a different approach to the targeting of antivirals in the AIDS patients. Since HIV-1 replication in infected individuals occurs in the lymph nodes, it is suggested that modified anti-Hl V-l drugs should be applied to Langerhans cells in the skin. The Langerhans cells can serve as the carries of the antiviral drugs attached to their surfaces due to their ability to migrate from the skin through the lymph vessels and to home to the lymph node. At that site Langerhans cells interact with T cells. Transfer of the anti-HIV-1 drugs to infected CD4+ T cells in the lymph node will reduce virus replication in the lymph nodes and will reduce the cytotoxic systemic effects of the antiviral drug. Such an antiviral treatment requires the development of efficient methods of drug delivery through the skin.
An active form of an insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IRK) catalytic core was modelled based on its experimentally known inactive form and the active form of a serine/threonine kinase, protein kinase A (PKA). This theoretical model was compared with the crystallographic structure of the active form of IRK reported later. The structures are very similar, which shows that all the most important features and interactions have been taken into account in the modelling procedure. The elaborated procedure can be applied to other tyrosine kinases. This would allow designing of a wide class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, very important potential anti-cancer and/or anti-viral drugs.
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