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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with the highest rates of prevalence and mortality worldwide. Chloroxylon swietenia has been used extensively in folkloric medicine. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity of Chloroxylon swietenia bark methanol (CSBMEt) and aqueous extracts (CSBAEt) (100, 150, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) and dose fixation of CSBMEt and CSBAEt in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male albino wistar rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50mg/kg b.w). The diabetic rats were administered with Chloroxylon swietenia bark extracts (CSBMEt and CSBAEt) (75,125 and 250mg/kg b.w) orally by intragastric intubation for 15 days. Acute toxicity studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the CSBMEt and CSBAEt. No lethality or toxic reactions found at any doses until the end of study, whereas 75 and 125 mg/kg b.w. doses of CSBMEt and CSBAEt produce no significant changes in the diabetic rats and 250mg/kg b.w. of CSBMEt and CSBAEt have significant change in the blood glucose. The results conclude that, there was no toxicity observed up to 1000mg/kg b.w. of both the extracts and 250mg/kg b.w. of CSBMEt and CSBAEt can be used as effective dose to treat diabetes.
Thiazolidinediones are oral antidiabetic agents that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) and exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been shown that PPAR-γ agonists induce G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis of malignant cells. Some of these effects have been suggested to result from inhibition of proteasome activity in target cells. The aim of our studies was to critically evaluate the cytostatic/cytotoxic effects of one of thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) and its influence on proteasome activity. Pioglitazone exerted dose-dependent cytostatic/cytotoxic effects in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Incubation of tumor cells with pioglitazone resulted in increased levels of p53 and p27 and decreased levels of cyclin D1. Accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins within cells incubated with pioglitazone suggested dysfunction of proteasome activity. However, we did not observe any influence of pioglitazone on the activity of isolated proteasome and on the proteolytic activity in lysates of pioglitazone-treated MIA PaCa-2 cells. Further, treatment with pioglitazone did not cause an accumulation of fluorescent proteasome substrates in transfected HeLa cells expressing unstable GFP variants. Our results indicate that pioglitazone does not act as a direct or indirect proteasome inhibitor.
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