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Referring to the Czarnowskis formula describing tree-stand height growth rate, a definition of height growth benchmark of site quality and a formula for its calculation have been developed. Besides, a formula connecting the height growth benchmark of site quality and the annual tree-stand biomass production has been constructed. The above benchmark was developed on premises that in clear-cut managed stands: (1) product values for annual maximum height growth and the age at which it takes place as well as (2) tree-stand height at which the annual height growth rate reaches maximum values are specific for any tree species irrespectively of the site quality. A formula connecting annual biomass production and height growth benchmark of site quality has been developed on premises that the highest possible annual biomass production as calculated for given tree species in a forest community is no lower than the site productivity. The coefficients values applied in respective formulae were calculated basing on data taken from the growing stock tables for five tree species: Scots pine, Norway spruce, European fir, European beech, and English oak. In total, the data for 148 height curves were taken into consideration while the annual biomass production was analyzed for 23 tree-stands. The developed formulae are of use for practical purposes however their applicability is to be restricted in the same way as restricted is the applicability of the growing stock tables that have been used for these formulae identification.
To better understand how forest growth might be affected by climate, we observed patterns of forest growth (in terms of basal area, diameter, canopy height, and total biomass) in Scots pine forest ecosystems at nine stands along a northern latitudinal gradient (50°N-70°N) crossing Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland. This gradient is characterized by a northward decline in average annual temperature (Δ = c. 9°C) and precipitation (Δ = c. 300mm). Basal area, average diameter, canopy height, and total biomass appear correlated with average annual temperature (P-values range from <0.002 to 0.096), but were not correlated with average annual precipitation. None of the measures of absolute growth or percent growth rates (averaged over four measurement periods) were correlated with temperature or precipitation. A framework for evaluating recent increases in biomass pools in northern systems is given, but data here are of insufficient power to confirm or refute hypotheses of recent increase in production of northern forests.
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