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This study investigated the influence of active immunisation against Gn-RH on adrenergic innervation of the porcine testis, epididymis and vas deferens. Seven groups of the boars were used including three control groups (n=9) Gl, G2 and G3 consisting of non-immunised animals aged 10,18 and 26 weeks, respectively, and four groups of immunised pigs (7-9 animals in each group). All the experimental boars (G4-G7) were immunised at the age of 10 weeks. Then, the animals from the two groups (G6, G7) were immunised again at age of 18 weeks. The vasa deferentia from the immunised pigs were collected at the age of 18 weeks (G4, immunised once) and at the age of 26 weeks (G5, immunised once, and two groups, G 6 and G7, immunised twice). Immunisation was accomplished by vaccination with GnRH using vaccine obtained from Peptech Animal Health, Australia. Tissue concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and double-immunolabellings for PGP 9.5, SNAP-25 and DßH were also performed. Immunohistochemistry revealed numerous PGP- or SNAP-25-positive (+) nerve fibres supplying the organs. The vast majority of them contained also DßH. The study revealed a gradual age-dependent decrease in NA tissue concentration and a density of PGP 9.5+, SNAP-25+ and DßH+ innervation of the testis and epididymis in the control animals (G1-G3). However, in the effectively immunised animals (especially in the boars of G7 immunised twice), both NA tissue concentration and the density of the innervation were significantly higher than those found in the animals of the corresponding control groups. With regard to the vas deferens, no distinct differences in both NA tissue concentration and in a density of the innervation between the particular animal groups including those consisting of the control and immunised boars were observed. The results obtained strongly confirm previous suggestions on the existence of an inverse relationship between the nervous and hormonal systems at the level of the porcine testis.
The main branches of the middle cerebral artery were defined in 16 cerebral hemispheres. It was observed that in 14 (87.5%) hemispheres, the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery bifurcated into two common branches which, in turn, branched further into cortical branches.
The studies were undertaken in order to analyse radiologically bone structures of the maxilla and mandibula, including the teeth in chinchillas that show pathological overgrowth of the incisor and molar teeth. The analysis included 10 sick and 10 healthy animals, whose skulls were post-mortem dissected and compared. The X-ray pictures were examined for significant elements of the bone structure: shape and saturation of incisor and molar teeth, shape, saturation, and thickness of cranial sutures, as well as the evenness of the intensity of the symptoms. The structure of the incisor teeth revealed excessive tissue mineralisation. The tooth canal was invisible, which may indicate fibrosis of the pulp. The cutting edges exhibited excessive mineralisation, which implied a lack of abrasion. The pulp growth cone was invisible. The shape of the upper incisor was altered and semicircular, this prevented contact between the edges of the opposing teeth. The surface structure of the molars was considerably saturated with invisible dental pulp, which may imply fibrosis. The roots of the teeth were distended and flask-like in shape, and considerably saturated. The visible excessive mineralisation in all the molar teeth implied a general process of osteosclerosis.
A study of the coronary arteries of the roe deer heart was performed on 21 hearts of animals of both sexes and various ages. The roe deer heart is supplied by two arteries: the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery. The left coronary artery arises from the left aortic sinus and forms a short common trunk. The left coronary artery reaches the coronary groove, then divides into the paraconal interventricular branch and the circumflex branch. The circumflex branch gives off several branches to the left ventricle wall and terminates in the subsinuosal interventricular groove as the subsinuosal interventricular branch. The right coronary artery is less pronounced than the left coronary artery. It arises from the right aortic sinus and enters the coronary groove as the right circumflex branch. We found the left arterial cone branch in 75% and the right arterial cone branch in 80% of the cases investigated. The coronary arteries of the heart run subepicardially. In 9 cases we found muscular bridges over the coronary arteries, mostly on the paraconal interventricular branch. In conclusion we affirm the left type of the arterial vascularisation in the roe deer heart.
The anatomical structure of the middle cerebral artery in domestic pig (Sus scrofa f. domestica) was defined using 88 cerebral hemispheres. It was observed that the artery ramified into ten permanent branches. Two rhinal arteries supplied the area of cerebrum on the border between the old and the new cerebral cortex. The other eight branches bifurcated into three branches going into the frontal area, two branches - the parietal area and three temporal branches which supplied the new cerebral cortex exclusively. In domesic pig, most frequently, 38.7 %, the rostral cerebral artery gave rise to two and, in 59.1%, three independent branches. In one hemisphere (1.1%) the rostral cerebral artery gave rise to one main trunk of the middle cerebral artery. Similarly in one individual there were observed six independent branches of that artery.
Anatomical arrangement of the middle cerebral artery in the wild boar was described based on 92 brain hemispheres. The artery was found to form 10 branches. Two rhinal arteries supply the part of cerebrum situated between the old and new cortex. Of the remaining 8 branches three are directed to the frontal region, two to the parietal region, while three temporal branches supply blood only to the new cortex. In the wild boar in 62% cases the rostral cerebral artery gave two, and in 38% cases three independent branches.
The purpose of this study was to broaden the basic knowledge of corneal morphological structures in pigs, cows and rabbits and to find morphological and histological differences in the constituent corneal structures. After slaughter, corneal samples of 24 animals, including cows, pigs and rabbits, were investigated. Forty-eight eyeballs (n = 48) of 8 pigs, 8 cows and 8 rabbits were used for this study. Central corneal thickness (CCT) values in cows were higher than those in pigs (P < 0.001) and rabbits. In rabbits, CCT, as a percentage of the eye axis length, was 55.03% greater than in cows and 40.55% greater than in pigs (P < 0.001). The thickness of substantia propria (stroma) depended on the species and accounted for more than 80% of the thickness of all layers of the cornea. The thickness of the anterior epithelium amounted to 15.81% of the thickness of all layers of the cornea in cows, 11.79% in pigs, and 8.48% in rabbits (P < 0.001). The data analysis showed that the caudal limiting membrane + endothelium was the thinnest layer of the cornea, with thickness ranging from 0.88% to 2.40% of the total thickness of all layers of the cornea in the three species under study (P < 0.001). A statistically significant negative correlation was determined between the anterior epithelium and substantia propria in corneas of cows, pigs and rabbits (P < 0.001). This paper describes the morphometric parameters of the cornea in pigs, cows and rabbits. These parameters will be of use to scientists using animal models in vision science research.
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