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The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the foramen magnum and the first cervical vertebra in Yorkshire terrier dogs, in which a keyhole-shaped foramen magnum had been recognized. Its aim was also to determine parameters for anatomical structures of the craniocervical junction which have an effect on occipital dysplasia. The study examined cadavers of three adult (female) Yorkshire terrier dogs, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. All dogs had been euthanized at the request their owners: nr 1 because of neurologic symptoms; nr 2 and 3 were neurologically asymptomatic dogs. The degree of skull index (IC), occipital index (IPF), dysplasia (ISD), notch index (IWD), foramen magnum index (IOW) and new biometric criterions introduced by the authors of the study i.e. atlas index (IC₁) and dens of axis index (IZC₂) were determined. The study showed that the foramen magnum index provides direct numerical information about the size and shape of the foramen. The foramen magnum index discriminates neurologically symptomatic dogs from asymptomatic dogs. Nonetheless, all four indices used in craniometry should be calculated. The results of the research indicated that occipital dysplasia has an effect on the stability of the craniocervical junction, and, therefore, atlas index IC₁ and dens of axis index IZC₂ should be determined.
Materiał do badań stanowiły zwłoki dorosłych osobników, obu płci, w różnym wieku. Przebadano serca: 40 kotów domowych krótkowłosych (Felis silvestris f. catus), 50 norek amerykańskich (Neovison vison) i 23 nornic rudych (Myodes glareolus). Przeprowadzono preparację i morfometrię wyizolowanych serc. Określono: masę ciała zwierzęcia (BW), masę serca (HW), wysokość serca (H) i szerokość serca (W). Uzyskane dane posłużyły do wyliczenia udziału procentowego masy serca w stosunku do masy ciała (I1 ). Różnicę pomiędzy populacją samców i samic dla poszczególnych parametrów określano za pomocą testu NIR Fishera (w odniesieniu do kotów oraz norek), a także za pomocą testu U Manna-Whitneya (w odniesieniu do nornic rudych) przy poziomie istotności p≤0,05. U wszystkich osobników wysokość serca była większa od szerokości. Średnia wartość HW wyniosła 19,08 g dla kota domowego krótkowłosego; norki amerykańskiej 13,05 g; nornicy rudej 0,13 g. Natomiast średnia wartość I1 wyniosła: 0,59% dla kota domowego krótkowłosego; norki amerykańskiej 0,66%; nornicy rudej 0,70%.
The aim of this study is the comparative analysis in the range of morphology, topography and morphometrical analysis of the mandibular ganglion in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica) and domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo f. domestica). This ganglion in birds is the least studied. The mandibular ganglion is described only in hens and Japanese quails. The investigations were performed on 30 one-year-old Pekinese domestic ducks and 30 one-year-old Beltsville domestic turkeys, of different sexes (15 males and 15 females). The fowls were investigated three hours after slaughter. Two research methods were used: the Koelle-Friedenwald thiocholine method, adapted to macromorphological preparations by Gienc, and the routine histological research method. Fifteen ducks and fifteen turkeys were taken to histochemical investigations. The rest of the fowls were studied histologically. The morphometrical analysis was performed using histological slides derived from individuals of both species (15 ducks and 15 turkeys). The histochemical research revealed that the mandibular ganglion (ganglion mandibulare) in the domestic duck and domestic turkey consist of the several cell agglomerations (in the duck from 3 to 6, in the turkey 6-8) located on the distal part of the tympanic chorda and on the surface of the mandibular nerve. These agglomerations have a characteristic rosary-like shape. The section of the tympanic chorda with agglomerations of the ganglionic neurocytes lie along the mandibular nerve, the mandibular artery and the internal mandibular vein in a canal of mandibula, formed by a corpus of mandibula. The canal begins in the middle of the mandibula and ends at the foramen mentale on the apex of mandibula. The histological research confirms the presence of agglomerations of ganglionic cells in the distal part of the tympanic chorda and on the parallel to it surface of the mandibular nerve. According to the morphometrical analysis, the diameter of ganglionic cells of the mandibular ganglion in domestic ducks and domestic turkeys is similar. In ducks it varies from 9.215 to 26.583 µm and in turkeys from 10.019 to 29.185 µm. In both species smaller cells with a diameter of approximately 20 µm dominate. In domestic ducks from 6 to 11 cells were observed on the cross-sections through the agglomerations forming the mandibular ganglion while in domestic turkeys the number of neurocytes may reach even 44. The morphology and topography of the mandibular ganglion in domestic ducks and domestics turkey is similar to the other species of birds: hens and Japanese quails. This ganglion in the investigated animals consists of a variable number of neurocyte agglomerations located on the distal part of the tympanic chorda and on the parallel to its surface of the mandibular nerve. Larger numbers of ganglionic cell agglomerations and larger numbers of neurocytes in individual agglomerations in domestic turkeys are probably the result of different lifestyles.
Until recently, assessment of sperm quality was based on subjective evaluation of parameters such as semen concentration, motility and morphological abnormalities. These methods are influenced by many factors: temperature, evaluator skills and experience, the number of evaluated spermatozoa, difference in sample preparation, etc. Consequently high variations were reported in the estimation of semen quality of the same ejaculate assessed by different observers. Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA), based on individual spermatozoon assessment, offer an accurate and rapid calculation of different semen parameters, such as total motility, progressive motility, linearity, several velocity parameters and morphology. The development and problems related to using CASA technology are raised in this review.
The aim of this research was the morphological, topographical, and morphometrical analysis of the pterygopalatine ganglion in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica). The references indicate that this ganglion has been described in a few species of domestic birds, e.g. domestic hens (Gallus gallus f. domestica), Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnics v. Japonica), and domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica). In domestic ducks the pterygopalatine ganglion has not been studied. The research was performed on 30 one-year-old domestic ducks of Pekinese race and both sexes (15 males and 15 females). The animals were examined three hours after slaughter. Two research methods were used: the Koelle-Friedenwald thiocholine method, adapted to macromorphological preparations by Gienc, and the routine histological method. 15 ducks were used for histochemical investigations. The other animals were studied histologically. The morphometrical analysis was performed using histological slides obtained from 15 ducks. The histochemical research revealed that the pterygopalatine ganglion (ganglion pterygopalatinum) in domestic ducks is topographically connected with the Harderian gland. This ganglion consists of numerous cell agglomerations, which form a plexo- -ganglionic structure located on the palatine branch of the facial nerve and on the medial surface of the Harderian gland. In ducks, among many small ganglionic cell agglomerations, it is possible to distinguish two big agglomerations, called the superior pterygopalatine ganglion and the inferior pterygopalatine ganglion according to their location and the terminology used. The superior ganglion is situated at the end of the nasal part of the palatine branch of the facial nerve in the place where it intersects with the ophthalmic nerve. The inferior ganglion is located on the medial surface of the Harderian gland beneath the superior ganglion. These ganglions are connected by a clearly visible branch, which consists, among others, of postganglionic fibres. The histological and morphometrical analysis of the superior pterygopalatine ganglion shows the presence of 40 to 60 neurocytes irregularly located in the cross-sections and occupying 12-14% of the cross-section surface. On the cross-sections of the inferior ganglion, 80-90 ganglionic cells were noted, occupying 16-24% of the cross-section surface. Many small agglomerations of neurocytes contain from 2 to 25 cells. These cells make up 24.5-31% of the cross-section surface. The diameter of the neurocytes of the pterygopalatine ganglion is 9.001-53.317 ìm, but smaller cells of 9.011-29.014 µm in diameter predominate. The presence of the two big agglomerations of ganglionic neurocytes, i.e. the superior and inferior pterygopalatine ganglions in domestic ducks, is probably the result of the lifestyle of this species.
Przeprowadzono morfometryczną analizę struktury 8 podłoży ogrodniczych wykorzystywanych do uprawy roślin w pojemnikach. Oznaczono podstawowe parametry stosowane w komputerowej analizie obrazu: makroporowatość (powierzchnię względną przekrojów porów o wymiarach powyżej 43 μm), liczebność przekrojów porów, średnią powierzchnię przekrojów porów, długość linii granicznej między przekrojami porów i elementów fazy stałej oraz średni rozmiar przekrojów porów. Wartość makroporowatości pozwala na ocenę zdolności podłoża do retencji wody najłatwiej dostępnej dla roślin.
The aim of the study was a quantitative examination (morphometrical analysis) of neurons during the maturation process of amygdaloideum baso-lateralis nuclei. The brains of domestic pigs of both sexes (obtained from the following periods: 7th-15th week of intrauterine life, newborn animals, one-month and oneyear old animals) were the examination material. The brains were removed and examined conventionally by microscope. The preparations were dyed according to Kltivera-Barrer's method as well as the Nissel method. The histological preparations obtained in the above way were used to morphometrically analyze the neurons of the corpus amygdaloideum's nucleus amygdaloideum baso-lateralis. Morphometrical examinations were carried out using the Nikon Eclipse E-600 microscope compressed with a JVC TK-1380-E camera and a computer using the MULTI-SCAN-BASE 08,98 morphometrical program. The following parameters were examined: the cross-section of nerve cells and the area of cell nuclei in µm2, the percentage of the nuclei-cellar rate, and the average diameter of nervous cell in µm, the volume of nervous cell in µm3, the number of neurons per 1 mm2, and the number of neurons per 1 mm3. Morphometrical observations revealed that cells forming the primary corpus of amygdaloideum in week 9 of fetal life are identical in shape and size. The size of the cell area in the 9th week of fetal life oscillates around 45 µm2. These cells, homogenous in the previous periods, undergo considerable differentiation during week 11 of fetal life. Mass nucleus structures appear from homogenous cells, including amygdaloideum baso-lateralis nuclei. The examined morphometrical parameters infer that neurons become morphologically mature at the end of fetal life.
Pasteurella multocida (Pm) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bbr) are important pathogens of humans and many species of animals. At present, several classic and modern techniques are applied for their detection and identification. The review presents an overview of the diagnostic methods that are the most widely used in laboratories, with special emphasis placed on highlighting their advantages and limitations. The choice of the technique depends on the aim of the study. The most often used are classical methods such as microbiological, serological, biochemical, and - in the case of atrophic rhinitis - likewise the morphometric analysis of the cross-section of a turbinated bone. The above-mentioned techniques are not accurate enough because most of the test results must be confirmed by more precise and sensitive techniques. The development of a wide spectrum of molecular techniques has facilitated the undoubted identification of Pm and Bbr. The widest used is PCR basing on the amplification of the gene encoding dermonecrotoxin of Pm and Bbr. Other molecular techniques could be useful for describing the connection among individual components of bacterial cells and their ability to develop the disease. Moreover they could also be used to describe the degree of phylogenetical relationship among field strains. Such information could be used to make a prognosis regarding the appearance of diseases on a particular area. Taking into account the significance of the rapid and precise detection of the pathological agents for immediate and accurate therapy, the continuation of studies aimed at the developing of rapid and sensitive diagnostic techniques is fully recommended and justified.
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