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Proteases is family of enzymes and it has crucial role due to their physiological roles and very valuable commercial applications. Alkaline protease are produced by Bacillus species are particular importance because of their thermal stability and stability at different pH values. This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical and chemical factors in production of alkaline protease enzyme fermentation by members of the genus Bacillus. In this study, alkaline protease enzyme production were evaluated in submerged fermentation by Bacillus strains which were isolated from alkaline soils of Guilan province. Factors incubation were optimized such as time, pH, amount of inoculation and ammonium sulfate in alkaline protease enzyme production whit using response surface methodology (RSM) in culture. The maximum enzymatic activity was observed in incubation time of 36 hours, pH=9, inoculation amount of 15% (V) and ammonium sulfate 1.5% (W/V). Factors had significant effect on the production of alkaline protease enzyme such as pH and ammonium sulfate.
Urate oxidase (uricase) was isolated and purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to apparent homogeneity using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the purified uricase enzyme was found to be 636.36 with the use of uric acid as a substrate. The purified uricase enzyme is a monomeric protein with molecular weight of 64 kilodaltons. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified enzyme is 9.0 and 30°C, respectively. The effect of some metal ions was studied. Sulphate forms of Fe⁺², Zn⁺² and Co⁺² inhibit the uricolytic activity whereas; NaCl and CaCl₂ enhance the enzyme activity. Moreover, the purified enzyme is inhibited by EDTA and KCN.
Baltic blue mussels Mytilus trossulus were collected from the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) in order to isolate ferritin from its soft tissues, as well as to purify and characterise this protein. Proteins were isolated from the inner organs of M. trossulus (hepatopancreas, gills and soft tissue residue) by thermal denaturation (70◦C) and acidification (pH 4.5) of the homogenates, followed by ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) fractionation. The ferritin was then separated by ultracentrifugation (100 000×g, 120 min.). The protein content in the purified homogenates was determined by the Lowry method using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and horse spleen ferritin (HSF) as standards. PAGE-SDS and Western blotting analysis permitted identification of ferritin in the purified preparations. Additionally, the purified homogenates and mussel soft tissue were analysed for their heavy metal contents (especially cadmium and iron) in a Video 11 E atomic absorption spectrophotometer, following wet digestion of the samples (HNO3/HClO4). The electrophoregrams showed that the inner organs of M. trossulus contained ferritin, which, like plant ferritin, is characterised by the presence of subunits in the electrophoregram in the 26.6–28.0 kDa range. The highest ferritin content was recorded in the hepatopancreas, followed by the gills and the soft tissue residue. With regard to the sampling stations, the highest content of ferritin was noted in the animals sampled off Sopot (station D3), and in those collected by a diver off Jastarnia (W1) and Gdynia (W4). Ferritin isolated from the inner organs of mussels collected from these stations also contained the largest quantities of heavy metals (Cd and Fe). Ferritin isolated from the inner organs of mussels collected by a diver from wrecks – sites where the concentrations of iron and other trace metals in the sea water are high – contained higher quantities of heavy metals (Cd and Fe) than the ferritin isolated from the inner organs of mussels collected with the drag. This confirms that ferritin is a protein able to store and transport not only iron, but also, though to a lesser extent, some other heavy metals, including cadmium.
The intake of sulphur offered in different forms was observed in ten ewes of Merino breed during one year. Four sources of sulphur were used: ammonium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate and sulphur. The effect of season (sprihg, summer, autumn and winter) and a phase of reproduction cycle (gestation, lactation, barren period) on the consumption of various sulphur sources were analysed. Significant differences in the intake of sulphur were found in summer, winter (both p<0.01) and autumn (p<0.05) and non-significant differences in spring. A phase of reproduction also affected the intake of sulphur; significant differences were found during gestation, barren period (both p<0.01) and lactation (p<0.05).
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of "anionic salts", such as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), aluminium sulphate (Al₂(SO₄)₃·16 H₂O), ammonium sulphate (NH₄)₂SO₄, and calcium chloride (CaCl₂·2H₂O), on the calcium metabolism, copper, zinc, and molybdenum concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in bovine blood. The experiment was carried out on 26 cows over a 2 year period. Cattle were fed daily fodder containing the chemical compounds. During the first year, two districts (A - experimental, B - control) were evaluated for deficiency diseases. During the second year, blood concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and SOD activity were evaluated. Urine pH was also determined. Before and after supplementation, the dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) was evaluated and a mineral fodder ration was formulated for the cows. There were significant differences in the concentration of chlorine and sulfur in the fodder of cows between group A and B after supplementation. Mineral supplementation with chlorides and sulphates is particularly advantageous for systemic acidification. It consisted of the occurrence of lower pH and higher blood concentration of calcium and copper and higher activity of SOD in the urine of experimental cows. This can be seen as improvement of calcium metabolism indicators. DCAD balance was reduced from +241.5 mmol/kg DM to -79.5 mmol/kg DM diet. An increase in ALP activity to normal levels was seen when the animals were given chlorides and sulphates. The study showed that "anionic salts" had a positive effect on mineral metabolism and antioxidant status of dairy cows.
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